{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:32:54Z","timestamp":1785864774855,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Science Centre Poland","award":["OPUS 14 number 2017\/27\/B\/NZ7\/02828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 14 number 2017\/27\/B\/NZ7\/02828"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>During physical exercise, the level of hematological parameters change depending on the intensity and duration of exercise and the individual\u2019s physical fitness. Research results, based on samples taken before and after exercise, suggest that hematological parameters increase during incremental exercise. However, there is no data confirming this beyond any doubt. This study examined how red blood cell (RBC) parameters change during the same standard physical exertion in athletes representing different physiological training profiles determined by sport discipline.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The study included 39 highly trained male members of national teams: 13 futsal players, 12 sprinters, and 14 triathletes. We used multiple blood sampling to determine RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit value (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) before, during (every 3 min), and after (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min) an incremental treadmill exercise test until exhaustion.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>There were no significant exercise-induced differences in RBC parameters between athletic groups. No significant changes were recorded in RBC parameters during the low-intensity phase of exercise. RBC, Hb, and Hct increased significantly during incremental physical exercise, and rapidly returned to resting values upon test termination.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The general pattern of exercise-induced changes in RBC parameters is universal regardless of the athlete\u2019s physiological profile. The changes in RBC parameters are proportional to the intensity of exercise during the progressive test. The increase in hemoglobin concentration associated with the intensity of exercise is most likely an adaptation to the greater demand of tissues, mainly skeletal muscles, for oxygen.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T08:55:36Z","timestamp":1711529736000},"page":"e17040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changes in red blood cell parameters during incremental exercise in highly trained athletes of different sport specializations"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Ciekot-So\u0142tysiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kusy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Podg\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Pospieszna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000069406.54766.c6","article-title":"The effects of graded resistance exercise on platelet aggregation and activation","volume":"35","author":"Ahmadizad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410410001730151","article-title":"The acute effects of resistance exercise on the main determinants of blood rheology","volume":"23","author":"Ahmadizad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200112000-00018","article-title":"Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners, Caracteristiques physiques et d\u2019 entrainement de marathoniens de haut-niveau","volume":"33","author":"Billat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2019.02.002","article-title":"Does endurance training improve red blood cell aging and hemorheology in moderate-trained healthy individuals?","volume":"9","author":"Bizjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Health Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020179","article-title":"Effects of a maximal exercise followed by a submaximal exercise performed in normobaric hypoxia (2500 m), on blood rheology, red blood cell senescence, and coagulation in well-trained cyclists","volume":"13","author":"Carin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07819-7","article-title":"Training-induced annual changes in red blood cell profile in highly-trained endurance and speed-power athletes","volume":"58","author":"Ciekot-So\u0142tysiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2012-1643","article-title":"Exercise hemorheology: classical data, recent findings and unresolved issues","volume":"53","author":"Connes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025634","article-title":"Hematological changes associated with marathon running","volume":"8","author":"Davidson","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80025-2","article-title":"Energy system contribution to 100-m and 200-m track running events","volume":"7","author":"Duffield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90443-7","article-title":"Runner\u2019s macrocytosis: a clue to footstrike hemolysis, Runner\u2019s anemia as a benefit versus runner\u2019s hemolysis as a detriment","volume":"78","author":"Eichner","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535080-00001","article-title":"Haemorheology in exercise and training","volume":"35","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-14012","article-title":"Acute effects of continuous and intermittent aerobic exercises on hemorheological parameters: a pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Findikoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.2.669","article-title":"Hormonal and vascular fluid responses to maximal exercise in trained and untrained males","volume":"63","author":"Freund","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology (1985)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096145","article-title":"Sequential exercise in triathletes: variations in GH and water loss","volume":"9","author":"Galy","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2016","article-title":"Vascular adaptation to exercise in humans: role of hemodynamic stimuli","volume":"97","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17613","article-title":"Blood volume and hemoglobin mass in elite athletes of different disciplines.\/ Volume sanguin et hemoglobinique chez des athletes de haut niveau et de differentes disciplines","volume":"22","author":"Heinicke","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.3.1024","article-title":"Spleen emptying and venous hematocrit in humans during exercise","volume":"74","author":"Laub","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology (1985)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.147629","article-title":"VO2max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know?","volume":"586","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-006-1522-4","article-title":"Molecular analysis of increased iron status in moderately exercised rats","volume":"282","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00332","article-title":"Red blood cells in sports: effects of exercise and training on oxygen supply by red blood cells","volume":"4","author":"Mairb\u00e4url","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.36926","article-title":"Total haemoglobin mass, blood volume and morphological indices among athletes from different sport disciplines","volume":"9","author":"Malczewska-Lenczowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Medical Science: AMS"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050209","article-title":"Resistance exercise training and the orthostatic response.\/ Entrainement de resistance et reponse orthostatique","volume":"76","author":"McCarthy","year":"1997","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2013.12.003","article-title":"The sex difference in haemoglobin levels in adults\u2014mechanisms, causes, and consequences","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13059","article-title":"Eryptosis and hemorheological responses to maximal exercise in athletes: comparison between running and cycling","volume":"28","author":"Nader","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021307","article-title":"Haemorheology and exercise: intrinsic flow properties of blood in marathon running","volume":"13","author":"Neuhaus","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199418010-00003","article-title":"Haemorrheology and long term exercise","volume":"18","author":"Neuhaus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S406555","article-title":"Sports participation promotes beneficial adaptations in the erythrocyte guanylate nucleotide pool in male athletes aged 20\u201390 years","volume":"18","author":"Pospieszna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Interventions in Aging"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10010005","article-title":"The effect of training on erythrocyte energy status and plasma purine metabolites in athletes","volume":"10","author":"Pospieszna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03275-y","article-title":"Life-long sports engagement enhances adult erythrocyte adenylate energetics","volume":"11","author":"Pospieszna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.009","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans: cause and consequences","volume":"51","author":"Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.54.3.827","article-title":"Impaired red cell filterability with elimination of old red blood cells during a 100-km race","volume":"54","author":"Reinhart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8531","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228531","article-title":"Impact of trail running races on blood viscosity and its determinants: effects of distance","volume":"21","author":"Robert","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3181d4957a","article-title":"Impact of alterations in total hemoglobin mass on VO2 max","volume":"38","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200205000-00022","article-title":"Hematological indices and iron status in athletes of various sports and performances. \/ Indices hematologiques et statut du fer chez des athletes de disciplines et de performances differentes","volume":"34","author":"Schumacher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intervals, thresholds, and long slow distance: the role of intensity and duration in endurance training","volume":"13","author":"Seiler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01392.2004","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress leads hemolysis in sedentary but not trained humans","volume":"99","author":"Sent\u00fcrk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md: 1985)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-37","first-page":"1248","article-title":"Development of reference ranges in elite athletes for markers of altered erythropoiesis","volume":"87","author":"Sharpe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1078488","article-title":"Responses of the human spleen to exercise","volume":"34","author":"Shephard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071219","article-title":"Exercise-induced blood lactate increase does not change red blood cell deformability in cyclists","volume":"8","author":"Simmonds","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199010030-00004","article-title":"Erythrocytic system under the influence of physical exercise and training","volume":"10","author":"Szygula","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00631.2001","article-title":"Footstrike is the major cause of hemolysis during running","volume":"94","author":"Telford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md: 1985)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-189202","article-title":"Deformability of different red blood cell populations and viscosity of differently trained young men in response to intensive and moderate running","volume":"69","author":"Tomschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Hemorheology & Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-119879","article-title":"Impact of type of sport, gender and age on red blood cell deformability of elite athletes","volume":"39","author":"Tomschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.22.13605-4","article-title":"Male and female athletes matched for maximum oxygen uptake per skeletal muscle mass: equal but still different","volume":"63","author":"Trinschek","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2011-1388","article-title":"Endurance running trial in tropical environment: a blood rheological study","volume":"47","author":"Tripette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Hemorheology & Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-1992-12401","article-title":"Haematological adaptation to exercise","volume":"12","author":"Watts","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4081802","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4081802","article-title":"Plasma nucleotide dynamics during exercise and recovery in highly trained athletes and recreationally active individuals","volume":"2018","author":"Zar\u0119bska","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17040\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01292.2011","article-title":"Training-induced adaptation in purine metabolism in high-level sprinters vs. triathletes","volume":"112","author":"Zieli\u0144ski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17040.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17040.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17040.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17040.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T08:55:46Z","timestamp":1711529746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.17040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.17040","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"article-number":"e17040"}}