{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1787032787142,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Obesity leads to an elevated risk of developing gastrointestinal disease such as gastric ulcers.\n                      <jats:italic>Callistemon citrinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extract has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and chemoprotective effects against colon cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of\n                      <jats:italic>C. citrinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extract on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in obese rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gastric ulcers were induced in female obese Wistar rats using a single oral dose of indomethacin (IND). In the first stage, the rats were fed with a high fat sugar diet (HFSD) for 15 weeks to induce obesity and, at the same time, the diet of the other group of animals included daily administration of ethanolic\n                      <jats:italic>C. citrinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extract (250 mg\/kg) in addition to HFSD. In the second stage, gastric ulcers were induced with IND (30 mg\/kg). The gastroprotective activity of\n                      <jats:italic>C. citrinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the inflammatory enzyme activities, and cytokines in the stomach were determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>C. citrinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      produced a reduction of gastric lesions caused by IND. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activities also decreased. Although inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF\u03b1, IL-6, AOPP, and leptin were significantly decreased by\n                      <jats:italic>C. citrinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , adiponectin levels increased. Moreover,\n                      <jats:italic>C. citrinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      decreased weight gain and morphological and biochemical parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The use of indomethacin in rats fed with a high fat-sugar diet increased gastric ulcers. Gastroprotective effect of\n                      <jats:italic>C. citrinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in obese rats is attributed to the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inflammatory enzymes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T03:39:35Z","timestamp":1709091575000},"page":"e17062","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Use of\n                    <i>Callistemon citrinus<\/i>\n                    as a gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in obese rats"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jonathan Sa\u00fal","family":"Pi\u00f1\u00f3n-Simental","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1059-5362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis Alberto","family":"Ayala-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-5775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis Gerardo","family":"Ortega-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3879-5446","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oliver Rafid","family":"Maga\u00f1a-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esperanza","family":"Mel\u00e9ndez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asdrubal","family":"Aguilera-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-8307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricia","family":"Rios-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, 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