{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:41:46Z","timestamp":1775151706763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MUR-PRIN","award":["2022TN4ETY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TN4ETY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Suggestibility is a personality trait that reflects a general tendency to accept messages. The Multidimensional Iowa Suggestibility Scale (MISS) is a self-report scale developed to measure the degree of individuals\u2019 perceptions of their suggestibility. This study aimed to adapt the MISS in an Italian sample.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We conducted two studies. In the first study, 345 subjects (270 females (78%), mean age = 36.21 years \u00b1 14.06 SD) completed the translated Italian version of the MISS, composed of five subscales (consumer suggestibility; persuadability; sensation contagion; physiological reactivity; peer conformity). We investigated the structural validity of the scale through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) testing four measurement models (unidimensional, four-factor, hierarchical four factors, and bifactor) and explored reliability in terms of internal consistency through the McDonald\u2019s omega. In the second study, we cross-validated the MISS on a new independent sample. We enrolled 277 participants (196 females (71%), mean age 30.56, SD = 12.58) who underwent the new version of the scale. We performed factor analyses to test structural validity and compared four measurement models. Then, we investigated reliability and conducted a latent variable analysis to explore divergent validity.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The CFA in the first study revealed a bifactor solution of the MISS. This structure was interpretable and provided an adequate fit for the data. The final version of the scale was reduced to forty-six items with globally good indices of adaptation. The scale also demonstrated acceptable reliability in terms of internal consistency through the McDonald\u2019s Hierarchical Omega. In the second study, we found that the bifactor structure was confirmed. Factor loadings inspection revealed that there was no justification to report only the separate scores for the subscales. We also found that the scale showed good internal consistency, but mixed evidence for divergent validity.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the end, the Italian version of the MISS demonstrated good psychometric properties which will be discussed in detail below.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T09:03:45Z","timestamp":1714381425000},"page":"e17145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Italian adaptation of the Multidimensional Iowa Suggestibility Scale (MISS)"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marco Tullio","family":"Liuzza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro,  Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Tolomeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Occhiuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro,  Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Cilurzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro,  Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iolanda","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro,  Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cerasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for biomedical research and innovation, National Research Council, Messina, Sicily, Italy"},{"name":"S. Anna Institute, Crotone, Calabria, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria,  Arcavacata di Rende, Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17145\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/00207144.2021.1833209","article-title":"A critical review of standardized measures of hypnotic suggestibility","volume":"69","author":"Acunzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17145\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/00207149908410035","article-title":"The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility and related instruments: individual and group administrations","volume":"47","author":"Angelini","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17145\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890902935878","article-title":"The HEXACO-60: a short measure of the major dimensions of personality","volume":"91","author":"Ashton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17145\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271322","article-title":"Teaching neurons to respond to placebos","volume":"594","author":"Benedetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17145\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055272","article-title":"Primary and secondary suggestibility","volume":"48","author":"Benton","year":"1953","journal-title":"The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17145\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.938596","article-title":"When are multidimensional data unidimensional enough for structural equation modeling? 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