{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:37:07Z","timestamp":1777509427237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is considered a valid method for prescribing prolonged aerobic steady-state exercise (SSE) intensity due to its association with physiological indicators of exercise intensity, such as oxygen uptake (V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) or heart rate (HR). However, these associations between psychological and physiological indicators of exercise intensity were found during graded exercise tests (GXT) but are currently used to prescribe SSE intensity even though the transferability and validity of the relationships found during GXT to SSE were not investigated. The present study aims to verify whether (a) RPE-HR or RPE-V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relations found during GXTs are valid during SSEs, and (b) the duration and intensity of SSE affect these relations.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Eight healthy and physically active males (age 22.6 \u00b1 1.2 years) were enrolled. On the first visit, pre-exercise (during 20 min standing) and maximal (during a GXT) HR and V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values were measured. Then, on separate days, participants performed 4 SSEs on the treadmill by running at 60% and 80% of the HR reserve (HRR) for 15 and 45 min (random order). Individual linear regressions between GXTs\u2019 RPE (dependent variable) and HRR and V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reserve (V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R) values (computed as the difference between maximal and pre-exercise values) were used to predict the RPE associated with %HRR (RPE<jats:sub>HRR<\/jats:sub>) and %V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R (RPE<jats:sub>V\u0307O2R<\/jats:sub>) during the SSEs. For each relation (RPE-%HRR and RPE-%V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R), a three-way factorial repeated measures ANOVA (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05) was used to assess if RPE (dependent variable) was affected by exercise <jats:italic>modality<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>, RPE recorded during SSE [RPE<jats:sub>SSE<\/jats:sub>] or GXT-predicted), <jats:italic>duration<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>, 15 or 45 min), and <jats:italic>intensity<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>, 60% or 80% of HRR).<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The differences between RPE<jats:sub>SSE<\/jats:sub> and GXT-predicted RPE, which were assessed by evaluating the effect of <jats:italic>modality<\/jats:italic> and its interactions with SSE <jats:italic>intensity<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>duration<\/jats:italic>, showed no significant differences between RPE<jats:sub>SSE<\/jats:sub> and RPE<jats:sub>HRR<\/jats:sub>. However, when RPE<jats:sub>SSE<\/jats:sub> was compared with RPE<jats:sub>V\u0307O2R<\/jats:sub>, although <jats:italic>modality<\/jats:italic> or its interactions with <jats:italic>intensity<\/jats:italic> were not significant, there was a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.020) interaction effect of <jats:italic>modality<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>duration<\/jats:italic> yielding a dissociation between changes of RPE<jats:sub>SSE<\/jats:sub> and RPE<jats:sub>V\u0307O2R<\/jats:sub> over time. Indeed, RPE<jats:sub>SSE<\/jats:sub> did not change significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.054) from SSE of 15 min (12.1 \u00b1 2.0) to SSE of 45 min (13.5 \u00b1 2.1), with a mean change of 1.4 \u00b1 1.8, whereas RPE<jats:sub>V\u0307O2R<\/jats:sub> decreased significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022) from SSE of 15 min (13.7 \u00b1 3.2) to SSE of 45 min (12.4 \u00b1 2.8), with a mean change of \u22121.3 \u00b1 1.5.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The transferability of the individual relationships between RPE and physiological parameters found during GXT to SSE should not be assumed as shown by the results of this study. Therefore, future studies modelling how the exercise prescription method used (e.g., RPE, HR, or V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and SSE characteristics (<jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>, exercise intensity, duration, or modality) affect the relationships between RPE and physiological parameters are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T07:07:54Z","timestamp":1714720074000},"page":"e17158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Are incremental exercise relationships between rating of perceived exertion and oxygen uptake or heart rate reserve valid during steady-state exercises?"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Ferri Marini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences \u2013Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Micheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences \u2013Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences \u2013Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ario","family":"Federici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences \u2013Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Piccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences \u2013Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Zoffoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences \u2013Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy"},{"name":"Scientific Research & Innovation Department, Technogym S.p.A, Cesena, FC, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Correale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Science Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Dell\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Science Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, CO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo Alberto","family":"Naldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lucertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences \u2013Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Vandoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, 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