{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:16:31Z","timestamp":1783426591571,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission","award":["2018126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke is a disease with high morbidity, disability, and mortality. Immune factors play a crucial role in the occurrence of ischemic stroke (IS), but their exact mechanism is not clear. This study aims to identify possible immunological mechanisms by recognizing immune-related biomarkers and evaluating the infiltration pattern of immune cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We downloaded datasets of IS patients from GEO, applied R language to discover differentially expressed genes, and elucidated their biological functions using GO, KEGG analysis, and GSEA analysis. The hub genes were then obtained using two machine learning algorithms (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE)) and the immune cell infiltration pattern was revealed by CIBERSORT. Gene-drug target networks and mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory networks were constructed using Cytoscape. Finally, we used RT-qPCR to validate the hub genes and applied logistic regression methods to build diagnostic models validated with ROC curves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We screened 188 differentially expressed genes whose functional analysis was enriched to multiple immune-related pathways. Six hub genes (ANTXR2, BAZ2B, C5AR1, PDK4, PPIH, and STK3) were identified using LASSO and SVM-RFE. ANTXR2, BAZ2B, C5AR1, PDK4, and STK3 were positively correlated with neutrophils and gamma delta T cells, and negatively correlated with T follicular helper cells and CD8, while PPIH showed the exact opposite trend. Immune infiltration indicated increased activity of monocytes, macrophages M0, neutrophils, and mast cells, and decreased infiltration of T follicular helper cells and CD8 in the IS group. The ceRNA network consisted of 306 miRNA-mRNA interacting pairs and 285 miRNA-lncRNA interacting pairs. RT-qPCR results indicated that the expression levels of BAZ2B, C5AR1, PDK4, and STK3 were significantly increased in patients with IS. Finally, we developed a diagnostic model based on these four genes. The AUC value of the model was verified to be 0.999 in the training set and 0.940 in the validation set.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research explored the immune-related gene expression modules and provided a specific basis for further study of immunomodulatory therapy of IS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T03:42:45Z","timestamp":1713498165000},"page":"e17208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Discovery and validation of molecular patterns and immune characteristics in the peripheral blood of ischemic stroke patients"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Cong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwen","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingjun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17208\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0483-x","article-title":"Inflammation and stroke: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Anrather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17208\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003393","article-title":"Regulation of CARD8 expression by ANRIL and association of CARD8 single nucleotide polymorphism rs2043211 (p.C10X) with ischemic 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