{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T17:29:22Z","timestamp":1772126962877,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Low back pain (LBP) is common in elite athletes. Several peripheral and central factors have been identified to be altered in non-athletic LBP populations, however whether these alterations also exist in elite athletes with LBP is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether elite basketballers with a history of persistent LBP perform worse than those without LBP at a lumbar muscle endurance task, a lumbar extension peak-torque task, and a lumbar motor imagery task.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>An observational pilot study. Twenty junior elite-level male basketballers with (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a011) and without (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09) a history of persistent LBP were recruited. Athletes completed a lumbar extensor muscle endurance (Biering-Sorensen) task, two lumbar extensor peak-torque (modified Biering-Sorensen) tasks and two motor imagery (left\/right lumbar and hand judgement) tasks across two sessions (48 hours apart). Performance in these tasks were compared between the groups with and without a history of LBP.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Young athletes with a history of LBP had reduced lumbar extensor muscle endurance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), reduced lumbar extension peak-torque (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and were less accurate at the left\/right lumbar judgement task (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02) but no less accurate at a left\/right hand judgement task (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.59), than athletes without a history of LBP. Response times for both left\/right judgement tasks did not differ between groups (lumbar <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.24; hand <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.58).<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Junior elite male basketballers with a history of LBP demonstrate reduced lumbar extensor muscle endurance and lumbar extension peak-torque and are less accurate at a left\/right lumbar rotation judgement task, than those without LBP.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T07:25:19Z","timestamp":1717658719000},"page":"e17508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lumbar extension peak-torque, muscle endurance and motor imagery in junior-elite basketballers with and without a history of low back pain: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Glazebrook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"},{"name":"SportsMed SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Waddington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,  Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Wallwork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,  Australia"},{"name":"IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-1","first-page":"337","article-title":"The relationship between core endurance and back dysfunction in collegiate male athletes with and without nonspecific low back pain","volume":"11","author":"Abdelraouf","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.9930","article-title":"Effect of graded sensorimotor retraining on pain intensity in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"328","author":"Bagg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198403000-00002","article-title":"Physical measurements as risk indicators for low back trouble over a one-year period","volume":"9","author":"Biering-Sorensen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000066","article-title":"Motor imagery in people with a history of back pain, current pain, both, or neither","volume":"30","author":"Bowering","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.09.007","article-title":"The effects of Granded Motor Imagery and its components on chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Bowering","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.061978","article-title":"Disrupted working body schema of the trunk in people with back pain","volume":"45","author":"Bray","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96403-7","article-title":"Exercise interventions can improve muscle strength, endurance, and electrical activity of lumbar extensors in individuals with non-specific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Clael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093093","article-title":"Challenges in Athletics injury and illness prevention: implementing prospective studies by standardised surveillance","volume":"48","author":"Edouard","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0000000000000535","article-title":"Is the organization of the primary motor cortex in low back pain related to pain, movement, and\/or sensation?","volume":"34","author":"Elgueta-Cancino","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-170941","article-title":"Prevalence of low back pain among athletes: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Farahbakhsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)13441-3","article-title":"Extensive reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in chronic back pain patients","volume":"224","author":"Flor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2165\/11315230-000000000-00000","article-title":"Rest interval between sets in strength training","volume":"39","author":"Freitas\u00a0De Salles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009790","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009790.pub2","article-title":"Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain","volume":"9","author":"Hayden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347","article-title":"A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain","volume":"64","author":"Hoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthtitis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Chiropractic Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199602000-00002","article-title":"Low-back pain in adolescent athletes","volume":"28","author":"Kujala","year":"1996","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199910150-00004","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the biering\u2013sorensen test in asymptomatic subjects and subjects reporting current or previous nonspecific low back pain","volume":"24","author":"Latimer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001254","article-title":"Reproducible and replicable pain research: a critical review","volume":"159","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.060731","article-title":"Tactile acuity and lumbopelvic motor control in patients with back pain and healthy controls","volume":"45","author":"Luomajoki","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography8050180","article-title":"Structural, functional and neurochemical cortical brain changes associated with chronic low back pain","volume":"8","author":"Medrano-Escalada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24718","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.6(2)2015.24718B","article-title":"Low back pain in athletes","volume":"6","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000130156.05828.43","article-title":"Why do people with complex regional pain syndrome take longer to recognize their affected hand?","volume":"62","author":"Moseley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.08.001","article-title":"I can\u2019t find it! Distorted body image and tactile dysfunction in patients with chronic back pain","volume":"140","author":"Moseley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-24","volume-title":"The graded motor imagery handbook","author":"Moseley","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.10.021","article-title":"Tactile discrimination, but not tactile stimulation alone, reduces chronic limb pain","volume":"137","author":"Moseley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410310001655804","article-title":"Groin injuries in professional rugby league players: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5742-6","article-title":"Cost of low back pain: results from a national register study in Sweden","volume":"27","author":"Olafsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90011-9","article-title":"Imagined spatial transformations of one\u2019s hands and feet","volume":"19","author":"Parsons","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/jsm.0000000000000263","article-title":"Low back pain in young basketball and floorball players","volume":"26","author":"Pasanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059799119840976","DOI":"10.1177\/2059799119840976","article-title":"Researching health behaviour in \u2018real time\u2019: methodological insights from a prospective study on Olympic hopefuls","volume":"12","author":"Schubring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methodological Innovations"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2023.102854","article-title":"Understanding the Biering-S\u00f8rensen test: contributors to extensor endurance in young adults with and without a history of low back pain","volume":"74","author":"Shaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1987.8.11.518","article-title":"Shoulder internal and external rotation peak torque production through a velocity spectrum in differing","volume":"8","author":"Soderberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes048","article-title":"Spatially-defined disruption of motor imagery performance in people with osteoarthritis","volume":"51","author":"Stanton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2013.875465","article-title":"A reappraisal of the deconditioning hypothesis in low back pain: review of evidence from a triumvirate of research methods on specific lumbar extensor deconditioning","volume":"30","author":"Steele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Medical Research and Opinion"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcab216","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab216","article-title":"Graded motor imagery modifies movement pain, cortical excitability and sensorimotor function in complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Strauss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.07.003","article-title":"Interrogating cortical representations in elite athletes with persistent posterior thigh pain\u2014new targets for intervention?","volume":"24","author":"Summers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-37","first-page":"185","article-title":"Low back muscle fatigue during S\u00f8rensen endurance test in patients with chronic low back pain: relationship between electromyographic spectral compression and anthropometric characteristics","volume":"48","author":"S\u00fc\u00fcden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01405","article-title":"Hip strength assessment using handheld dynamometry is subject to intertester bias when testers are of different sex and strength","volume":"23","author":"Thorborg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002019","article-title":"Estimating the risk of chronic pain: development and Validation of a Prognostic Model (PICKUP) for patients with acute low back pain","volume":"13","author":"Traeger","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0645-3","article-title":"Prevalence of back pain in sports: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Trompeter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn154","article-title":"Reorganization of the motor cortex is associated with postural control deficits in recurrent low back pain","volume":"131","author":"Tsao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs378","article-title":"Multivariate classification of structural MRI data detects chronic low back pain","volume":"24","author":"Ung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"10258","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095356","article-title":"Neural representations and the cortical body matrix: implications for sports medicine and future directions","volume":"50","author":"Wallwork","year":"2016","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12678\/1089-313x.21.1.13","article-title":"Applying current concepts in pain-related brain science to dance rehabilitation","volume":"21","author":"Wallwork","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Dance Medicine & Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.230542","article-title":"The clinical course of acute, subacute and persistent low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"196","author":"Wallwork","year":"2024","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8553","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8553","article-title":"Implicit motor imagery performance is impaired in people with chronic, but not acute, neck pain","volume":"8","author":"Wallwork","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Math.2010.06.008","article-title":"Cortical changes in chronic low back pain: current state of the art and implications for clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Wand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Manual Therapy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.01.010","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a mobile tablet for assessing left\/right judgements","volume":"40","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Science and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17508\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.01.012","article-title":"Reliability of externally fixed dynamometry hamstring strength testing in elite youth football players","volume":"19","author":"Wollin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17508.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17508.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17508.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17508.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T07:25:33Z","timestamp":1717658733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.17508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.17508","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"article-number":"e17508"}}