{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T22:30:28Z","timestamp":1788820228190,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PsyBio Therapeutics"},{"name":"Miami University Faculty Research grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Psilocybin and related tryptamines have come into the spotlight in recent years as potential therapeutics for depression. Research on the mechanisms of these effects has historically focused on the direct effects of these drugs on neural processes. However, in addition to such neural effects, alterations in peripheral physiology may also contribute to their therapeutic effects. In particular, substantial support exists for a gut microbiome-mediated pathway for the antidepressant efficacy of other drug classes, but no prior studies have determined the effects of tryptamines on microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To address this gap, in this preliminary study, male Long Evans rats were treated with varying dosages of oral psilocybin (0.2 or 2 mg\/kg), norbaeocystin (0.25 or 2.52 mg\/kg), or vehicle and their fecal samples were collected 1 week and 3 weeks after exposure for microbiome analysis using integrated 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing to determine gut microbiome composition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We found that although treatment with neither psilocybin nor norbaeocystin significantly affected overall microbiome diversity, it did cause significant dose- and time-dependent changes in bacterial abundance at the phylum level, including increases in <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>, and decreases in <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These preliminary findings support the idea that psilocybin and other tryptamines may act on the gut microbiome in a dose- and time-dependent manner, potentially identifying a novel peripheral mechanism for their antidepressant activity. The results from this preliminary study also suggest that norbaeocystin may warrant further investigation as a potential antidepressant, given the similarity of its effects to psilocybin.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T07:22:16Z","timestamp":1717399336000},"page":"e17517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of oral tryptamines on the gut microbiome of rats\u2014a preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mengyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7508-0485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andor J.","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-2126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. Andrew","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-2933","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew S.","family":"McMurray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mec.2022.e00196","article-title":"Development of an E. coli-based norbaeocystin production platform and evaluation of behavioral effects in rats","volume":"14","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolic Engineering Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2019.09.009","article-title":"In vivo production of psilocybin in E. coli","volume":"56","author":"Adams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolic Engineering"},{"issue":"6315","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.07.018","article-title":"A preliminary examination of gut microbiota, sleep, and cognitive flexibility in healthy older adults","volume":"38","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"issue":"7346","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0024-1","article-title":"Keystone taxa as drivers of microbiome structure and functioning","volume":"16","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615609896","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in obesity and diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Barlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition in Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","article-title":"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage","volume":"101","author":"B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2487","article-title":"Acute effects of psilocybin after escitalopram or placebo pretreatment in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy subjects","volume":"111","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/93.3.491","article-title":"Adaptive linear step-up procedures that control the false discovery rate","volume":"93","author":"Benjamini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.02.012","article-title":"Actinobacteria: a relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis","volume":"50","author":"Binda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digestive and Liver Disease"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2015.02.001","article-title":"Microbiota regulation of the mammalian gut-brain axis","volume":"91","author":"Burokas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advances in Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-13","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4771-x","article-title":"Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up","volume":"235","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","article-title":"Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression","volume":"384","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10161","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106837","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of rapid-acting antidepressants: new perspectives for developing antidepressants","volume":"194","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.01.014","article-title":"Absence of the gut microbiota enhances anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine response to acute stress in rats","volume":"42","author":"Crumeyrolle-Arias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011613","article-title":"Depression\u2019s unholy trinity: dysregulated stress, immunity, and the microbiome","volume":"71","author":"Cruz-Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285","article-title":"Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1659-20.2020","article-title":"Hallucinogens in mental health: preclinical and clinical studies on LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine","volume":"41","author":"De Gregorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000221","article-title":"The impact of gut microbiota on brain and behaviour: implications for psychiatry","volume":"18","author":"Dinan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.09.007","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease","volume":"46","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2581","article-title":"Inflammation, lifestyle factors, and the microbiome-gut-brain axis: relevance to depression and antidepressant action","volume":"113","author":"Donoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2018.03.004","article-title":"Evaluating the use of diversity indices to distinguish between microbial communities with different traits","volume":"169","author":"Feranchuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research in Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G877","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00435.2001","article-title":"5-HT(2A) receptors: location and functional analysis in intestines of wild-type and 5-HT(2A) knockout mice","volume":"282","author":"Fiorica-Howells","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1373-7","article-title":"Ketamine interactions with gut-microbiota in rats: relevance to its antidepressant and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"18","author":"Getachew","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.01.008","article-title":"Hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior","volume":"53","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Maeso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206443","article-title":"Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression","volume":"387","author":"Goodwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.108","article-title":"Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression: Impact on patient-reported depression severity, anxiety, function, and quality of life","volume":"327","author":"Goodwin","year":"2023a","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01648-7","article-title":"Psilocybin for treatment resistant depression in patients taking a concomitant SSRI medication","volume":"48","author":"Goodwin","year":"2023b","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513","article-title":"Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211073759","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: prospective 12-month follow-up","volume":"36","author":"Gukasyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1021\/cn300138m","article-title":"Animal models of serotonergic psychedelics","volume":"4","author":"Hanks","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chemical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00882-x","article-title":"Environmental stress destabilizes microbial networks","volume":"15","author":"Hernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"The ISME Journal"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022489118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022489118","article-title":"Harnessing psilocybin: antidepressant-like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5-HT2R activation in mice","volume":"118","author":"Hesselgrave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.174","article-title":"Where less may be more: how the rare biosphere pulls ecosystems strings","volume":"11","author":"Jousset","year":"2017","journal-title":"The ISME Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100349","article-title":"Seeking the psilocybiome: psychedelics meet the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533611436116","article-title":"Effects of gut microbes on nutrient absorption and energy regulation","volume":"27","author":"Krajmalnik-Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition in Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.02.029","article-title":"Psychedelic medicine: the biology underlying the persisting psychedelic effects","volume":"125","author":"Kuypers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"5883","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155725","article-title":"Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes","volume":"320","author":"Ley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7122","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3400","article-title":"Ecology and exploration of the rare biosphere","volume":"13","author":"Lynch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.105","article-title":"Serotonin signalling in the gut-functions, dysfunctions and therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Mawe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icx090","article-title":"The effects of captivity on the mammalian gut microbiome","volume":"57","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06297-0","article-title":"Probing the antidepressant potential of psilocybin: integrating insight from human research and animal models towards an understanding of neural circuit mechanisms","volume":"240","author":"Meccia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002","article-title":"Hallucinogens","volume":"101","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39242","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039242","article-title":"Non-invasive mapping of the gastrointestinal microbiota identifies children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Papa","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.281","article-title":"Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augment in vitro utilization of mucin by other bacteria","volume":"105","author":"Png","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-50","first-page":"89","article-title":"Biochemistry and neuropharmacology of psilocybin mushrooms","volume-title":"Teonanacatl","author":"Presti","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7285","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9351507","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9351507","article-title":"Proteobacteria: a common factor in human diseases","volume":"2017","author":"Rizzatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.04.006","article-title":"The microbiome in psychology and cognitive neuroscience","volume":"22","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P47","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-6906-12-S1-P47","article-title":"Microbial community function and biomarker discovery in the human microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","article-title":"The central nervous system and the gut microbiome","volume":"167","author":"Sharon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15540","article-title":"Molecular insights into psychedelic drug action","volume":"162","author":"Slocum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25250","article-title":"Age-related changes in the gut microbiota influence systemic inflammation and stroke outcome","volume":"84","author":"Spychala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108975292","volume-title":"Stahl\u2019s essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications","author":"Stahl","year":"2021","edition":"5"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111715","article-title":"The influence of probiotics on the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio in the treatment of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Stojanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.063388","article-title":"Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary\u2013adrenal system for stress response in mice","volume":"558","author":"Sudo","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"7228","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540","article-title":"A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins","volume":"457","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0138-2","article-title":"The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7415","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11553","article-title":"Genomic approaches to studying the human microbiota","volume":"489","author":"Weinstock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60862-1","article-title":"Difference in post-stress recovery of the gut microbiome and its altered metabolism after chronic adolescent stress in rats","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215101","article-title":"Monitoring the diversity and metabolic shift of gut microbes during green tea feeding in an in vitro human colonic model","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047","article-title":"Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis","volume":"161","author":"Yano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.17517\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071108","article-title":"Human gut microbiota changes reveal the progression of glucose intolerance","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17517.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17517.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17517.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17517.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T07:22:29Z","timestamp":1717399349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.17517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.17517","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"article-number":"e17517"}}