{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T23:35:35Z","timestamp":1786664135078,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/23\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/23\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with systemic implications, potentially affecting musculoskeletal health. This study aimed to assess shoulder muscle strength and joint repositioning accuracy in individuals with T2DM, exploring potential correlations and shedding light on the musculoskeletal consequences of the condition. The objectives were two-fold: (1) to assess and compare shoulder strength and joint repositioning accuracy between individuals with T2DM and asymptomatic counterparts, and (2) to examine the correlation between shoulder strength and joint repositioning accuracy in individuals with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A cross-sectional study enrolled 172 participants using the convenience sampling method, including 86 individuals with T2DM and an age-matched asymptomatic group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a086). Shoulder strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer, while joint repositioning accuracy was evaluated with an electronic digital inclinometer.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Individuals with T2DM exhibited reduced shoulder muscle strength compared to asymptomatic individuals (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Additionally, joint repositioning accuracy was significantly lower in the T2DM group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Negative correlations were observed between shoulder strength and joint repositioning accuracy in various directions (ranging from \u22120.29 to \u22120.46, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), indicating that higher muscle strength was associated with improved joint repositioning accuracy in individuals with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study highlights the significant impact of T2DM on shoulder muscle strength and joint repositioning accuracy. Reduced strength and impaired accuracy are evident in individuals with T2DM, emphasizing the importance of addressing musculoskeletal aspects in diabetes management. The negative correlations suggest that enhancing shoulder muscle strength may lead to improved joint repositioning accuracy, potentially contributing to enhanced physical functioning in this population.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T07:36:47Z","timestamp":1719301007000},"page":"e17630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Shoulder muscle weakness and proprioceptive impairments in type 2 diabetes mellitus: exploring correlations for improved clinical management"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ravi Shankar","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastour Saeed","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"ALMohiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batool Abdulelah","family":"Alkhamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya Shanker","family":"Tedla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Nagaraj","family":"Kakaraparthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada Mohamed","family":"Koura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debjani","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani Hassan","family":"Alnakhli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussain Saleh H.","family":"Ghulam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raee S.","family":"Alqhtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17630\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.05.003","article-title":"Shoulder proprioception: how is it measured and is it reliable? 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