{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:20:28Z","timestamp":1724458828741},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Science Foundation","award":["32171868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171868"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of CAF","award":["CAFYBB2020SZ001-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAFYBB2020SZ001-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Embankment dams were built south of the Laizhou bay in China for controlling storm surge disasters, but they are not enough to replace coastal forests in protecting the land. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of embankment dams on natural forests dominated by <jats:italic>Tamarix austromongolica<\/jats:italic> and test whether the dam-shrub system is a preferable updated defense.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Coastal forests on two typical flats, one before and one behind embankment dams, were investigated using quadrats and lines. Land bareness, vegetation composition and species co-occurrence were assessed; structures of <jats:italic>T. austromongolica<\/jats:italic> populations were evaluated; and spatial patterns of the populations were analyzed using Ripley\u2019s K and K<jats:sub>1,2<\/jats:sub> functions.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the area before embankment dams, 84.8% of <jats:italic>T. austromongolica<\/jats:italic> were juveniles (basal diameter \u2264 3 cm), and 15.2% were adults (basal diameter &gt; 3 cm); behind the dams, 52.9% were juveniles, and 47.1 were adults. In the area before the dams, the land bareness was 13.7%, four species occurred, and they all were ready to co-occur with <jats:italic>T. austromongolica<\/jats:italic>; behind the dams, the land bareness was 0%, and 16 species occurred whereas they somewhat resisted co-occurrence with <jats:italic>T. austromongolica<\/jats:italic>. In the area before the dams, the <jats:italic>T. austromongolica<\/jats:italic> population was aggregated in heterogeneous patches, and the juveniles tended to co-occur with the adults; behind the dams, they were over-dispersed as nearly uniform distributions, while the juveniles could recruit and were primarily independent of the adults. These results indicate that the <jats:italic>T. austromongolica<\/jats:italic> species did not suffer from the unnatural dams, but benefited somehow in population expansion and development. Overall, the <jats:italic>T. austromongolica<\/jats:italic> species can adapt to artificial embankment dams to create a synthetic defense against storm surges.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T15:26:08Z","timestamp":1724426768000},"page":"e17934","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes of <i>Tamarix austromongolica<\/i> forests with embankment dams along the Laizhou bay"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hongxiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianmin","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China"},{"name":"Coastal Forestry Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101148","article-title":"Can\u2019t see the (mangrove) forest for the trees: trends in the legal and policy recognition of mangrove and coastal wetland ecosystem services in Australia","volume":"45","author":"Bell-James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosystem Services"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01088-5","article-title":"Old and ancient trees are life history lottery winners and vital evolutionary resources for long-term adaptive capacity","volume":"8","author":"Cannon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Plants"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612589","volume-title":"Spatial pattern analysis in plant ecology","author":"Dale","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau9875","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau9875","article-title":"A natural experiment reveals the impact of hydroelectric dams on the estuaries of tropical rivers","volume":"5","author":"Ezcurra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34525-w","article-title":"Benefits of subsidence control for coastal flooding in China","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2021.0020","article-title":"Growth responses of Tamarix austromongolica to extreme drought and flood in the upper Yellow River basin","volume":"45","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.118936","article-title":"Self-thinning tree mortality models that account for vertical stand structure, species mixing and climate","volume":"487","author":"Forrester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1890\/150065","article-title":"Engineering away our natural defenses: an analysis of shoreline hardening in the US","volume":"13","author":"Gittman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020EF001882","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EF001882","article-title":"Uncertainty and bias in global to regional scale assessments of current and future coastal flood risk","volume":"9","author":"Hinkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2022.120462","article-title":"Distinguishing the mechanisms driving multi-scale community spatial structure in a temperate forest","volume":"522","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.5169\/seals-266440","article-title":"Distribution de la Flore Alpine dans le Bassin des Dranses et dans quelques r\u00e9gions voisines","volume":"37","author":"Jaccard","year":"1901","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise Des Sciences Naturelles"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-19-4929-2022","article-title":"A question of scale: modeling biomass, gain and mortality distributions of a tropical forest","volume":"19","author":"Knapp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113178","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for sustaining coastal wetlands and oyster reefs in the southeastern United States","volume":"296","author":"Kyzar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.03099","article-title":"What causes conspecific plant aggregation? Disentangling the role of dispersal, habitat heterogeneity and plant-plant interactions","volume":"125","author":"Lara-Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fecs.2022.100035","article-title":"Novel evidence from Taxus fuana forests for niche-neutral process assembling community","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forest Ecosystems"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-018-0047-6","article-title":"Low population genetic differentiation in two Tamarix species (Tamarix austromongolica and Tamarix chinensis) along the Yellow River","volume":"147","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2019.102006","article-title":"Global social and environmental change drives the management and delivery of ecosystem services from urban gardens: a case study from Central Coast, California","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-18","first-page":"53","article-title":"Comparision analysis about strong winds between Laizhou Bay and inland","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marine Forecasts"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081301","article-title":"Fine-scale coastal storm surge disaster vulnerability and risk assessment model: a case study of Laizhou Bay, China","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.06.026","article-title":"Coupled human-natural regeneration of indigenous coastal dry forest in Kenya","volume":"354","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.009","article-title":"Climate change-driven losses in ecosystem services of coastal wetlands: a case study in the west coast of Bangladesh","volume":"169","author":"Mehvar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean & Coastal Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155952","article-title":"Evolution patterns and spatial sources of water and sediment discharge over the last 70 years in the Yellow River, China: a case study in the Ningxia Reach","volume":"838","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.11.008","article-title":"Spatial analysis of remnant tree effects in a secondary Abies-Betula forest on the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"313","author":"Miao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.11.056","article-title":"Population structure and spatial point-pattern analysis of a mono stand of Acacia polyacantha along a catena in a savanna ecosystem","volume":"409","author":"Muvengwi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2010.05.023","article-title":"Establishment of Tamarix ramosissima under different conditions of salinity and water availability: implications for its management as an invasive species","volume":"74","author":"Natale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Arid Environments"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-018-0632-y","article-title":"A review of coastal management approaches to support the integration of ecological and human community planning for climate change","volume":"23","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Conservation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-27","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00081.x","article-title":"PASSaGE: pattern analysis, spatial statistics and geographic exegesis. Version 2","volume":"2","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118724","article-title":"Tree, stand, and landscape factors contributing to hurricane damage in a coastal plain forest: post-hurricane assessment in a longleaf pine landscape","volume":"481","author":"Rutledge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2016.10.003","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among species of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) in China","volume":"69","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-022-00947-z","article-title":"Sea-level rise from land subsidence in major coastal cities","volume":"5","author":"Tay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Sustainability"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13568","article-title":"A process-based metacommunity framework linking local and regional scale community ecology","volume":"23","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114754","article-title":"Effective management of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parlat.) coastal forests considering tsunami mitigation","volume":"311","author":"Torita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.104832","article-title":"Valuation of aesthetic ecosystem services of protected coastal dunes and forests","volume":"179","author":"Urbis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean & Coastal Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wse.2022.10.004","article-title":"Mangrove forests as a nature-based solution for coastal flood protection: biophysical and ecological considerations","volume":"16","author":"van Hespen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Science and Engineering"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.01.009","article-title":"Replacement of pine by eucalypt plantations: effects on the diversity and structure of tree assemblages under land abandonment and implications for landscape management","volume":"185","author":"Vaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2017.05.018","article-title":"Tamarix hispida aquaporin ThPIP2;5 confers salt and osmotic stress tolerance to transgenic Tamarix and Arabidopsis","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental and Experimental Botany"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112514","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment of storm surge using GIS techniques and open data: a case study of Daya Bay zone, China","volume":"289","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115662","article-title":"Efficiency and ecological safety of herbicide haloxyfop-R-methyl on removal of coastal invasive plant Spartina alterniflora","volume":"197","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.11707\/j.1001-7488.20200106","article-title":"Phylogeography of Tamarix austromongolica based on the sequences of chloroplast and nuclear gene fragments","volume":"56","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientia Silvae Sinicae"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.106078","article-title":"Managing erosion of mangrove-mud coasts with permeable dams - lessons learned","volume":"158","author":"Winterwerp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-42","first-page":"45","article-title":"Statistic analysis concerning storm surges in the Bohai bay","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Meteorological Monthly"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-43","first-page":"13","article-title":"The identification and differentiation of temperate storm surge disaster chains-a case study on the storm surge in Laizhou Bay","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Catastrophology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-44","volume-title":"Numeric ecology","author":"Zhang","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-0239.2002.01.012","article-title":"Forecast of temperate storm surge in Laizhou Bay","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Marine Forecasts"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116860","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment of typhoon storm surge for multi-risk sources","volume":"327","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.17934\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112964","article-title":"Vegetation successions of coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, northern China, influenced by the changes in relative surface elevation and soil salinity","volume":"293","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17934.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17934.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17934.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17934.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T15:26:30Z","timestamp":1724426790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/17934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.17934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.17934","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"article-number":"e17934"}}