{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:16:48Z","timestamp":1782299808885,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"GACR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22-05024S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-05024S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic","award":["SVV 260 686\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVV 260 686\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zoraptera (also called \u201cangel insects\u201d) is one of the most unexplored insect orders. However, it holds promise for understanding the evolution of insect karyotypes and genome organization given its status as an early branching group of Polyneoptera and Pterygota (winged insects) during the Paleozoic. Here, we provide karyotype descriptions of three Zorapteran species: <jats:italic>Brazilozoros huxleyi<\/jats:italic> (2n\u2642; \u2640\u00a0=\u00a042; 42), <jats:italic>B.\u00a0kukalovae<\/jats:italic> (2n\u2642; \u2640\u00a0=\u00a043; 44) and <jats:italic>Latinozoros cacaoensis<\/jats:italic> (2n\u2642; \u2640\u00a0=\u00a036; 36). These species represent two of the four recently recognized Zorapteran subfamilies. Contrary to an earlier suggestion that Zoraptera has holocentric chromosomes, we found karyotypes that were always monocentric. Interestingly, we detected both X0 (<jats:italic>B.\u00a0kukalovae<\/jats:italic>) and XY (<jats:italic>B.\u00a0huxleyi<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L. cacaoensis<\/jats:italic>) sex chromosome systems. In addition to conventional karyotype descriptions, we applied fluorescent <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization for the first time in Zoraptera to map karyotype distributions of 18S rDNA, histone H3 genes, telomeres and (CAG)<jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub> and (GATA)<jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub> microsatellites. This study provides a foundation for cytogenetic research in Zoraptera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T11:19:05Z","timestamp":1728559145000},"page":"e18051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative cytogenetics of three Zoraptera species as a basis for understanding chromosomal evolution in Polyneoptera insects"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Jank\u00e1sek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Charles University Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Ko\u010d\u00e1rek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"\u0160t\u2019\u00e1hlavsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Charles University Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18051\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10020118","article-title":"At the beginning of the end and in the middle of the beginning: structure and maintenance of telomeric DNA repeats and interstitial telomeric sequences","volume":"10","author":"Aksenova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18051\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-004-2628-5","article-title":"Comparative genetics of functional trinucleotide tandem repeats in humans and apes","volume":"59","author":"Andr\u00e9s","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18051\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/jzs.12254","article-title":"Insights into chromosomal evolution of Cicadomorpha using fluorochrome staining and mapping 18S rRNA and H3 histone genes","volume":"57","author":"Anjos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18051\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00279090","article-title":"Clustered GATA repeats (Bkm sequences) on the human Y chromosome","volume":"73","author":"Arnemann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Human Genetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18051\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1139\/g87-013","article-title":"Undifferentiated sex chromosomes in Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera; 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