{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:26:10Z","timestamp":1787498770112,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81872634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common metabolic disorder and reproductive endocrine disease, posing an elevated risk to women of reproductive age. Although metabolism differences in serum, amniotic fluid and urine have been documented in PCOS, there remains a paucity of evidence for vaginal fluid. This study aimed to identify the metabolic characteristics and potential biomarkers of PCOS in Chinese women of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We involved ten newly diagnosed PCOS women who attended gynecology at Zhongda Hospital and matched them with ten healthy controls who conducted health check-up programs at Gulou Maternal and Child Health Center in Nanjing, China from January 1st, 2019 to July 31st, 2020. Non-targeted metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS\/MS) was applied to differentially screen vaginal metabolites between PCOS group and healthy controls. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and enrichment analysis were used to observe differences, search for potential biomarkers and enrich related pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 20 participants, a total of 195 different metabolites were detected between PCOS group and healthy control group. PCOS and control groups were effectively separated by vaginal fluid. Lipids and lipid-like molecules constituted the majority of differential metabolites. Notably, dopamine exhibited an increased trend in PCOS group and emerged as the most significant differential metabolite, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for identifying PCOS. The application of UHPLC-MS\/MS based vaginal metabolomics methods showed significant differences between PCOS and non-PCOS healthy control groups, especially linoleic acid metabolism disorder. Most differential metabolites were enriched in pathways associated with linoleic acid metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism or arachidonic acid metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this pilot investigation, significant metabolomics differences could be obtained between PCOS and healthy control groups. For PCOS women of reproductive age, vaginal metabolism is a more economical, convenient and harmless alternative to provide careful personalized health diagnosis and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T03:54:10Z","timestamp":1728359650000},"page":"e18194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The vaginal metabolomics profile with features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot investigation in China"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Xuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Women and Children\u2019s Healthcare Hospital, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danhong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University,  Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18194\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103573","article-title":"The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey","volume":"13","author":"AbuBakar Sajak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18194\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 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