{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:31:44Z","timestamp":1771457504321,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid from Northern Advancement Center for Science & Technology of Hokkaido Japan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Several studies have measured gingival blood glucose (GBG) levels, but few have confirmed systematic bias using Bland\u2013Altman analysis. This study compared the effectiveness of GBG levels with that of fingertip blood glucose (FTBG) levels using Bland\u2013Altman and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 15 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each group comprised eight male and seven female participants. The GBG and FTBG levels were measured using a self-monitoring blood glucose device after periodontal examination. Pearson\u2019s product\u2012moment correlation and simple linear regression analyses were performed. In addition, Bland\u2012Altman analysis was also performed to assess the degree of agreement between the two methods. ROC analysis was conducted to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values for patients with diabetes. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to identify significant differences.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean GBG and FTBG levels were 120 \u00b1 44.8 mg\/dL and 137 \u00b1 45.1, respectively, for the whole sample. The mean GBG and FTBG levels were 145 \u00b1 47.2 mg\/dL and 163 \u00b1 49.1, respectively, in the diabetes group. The mean GBG and FTBG levels in the nondiabetes group were 95.3 \u00b1 25.2 and 111 \u00b1 18.8, respectively. Patients with diabetes were more likely to have a probing pocket depth (PPD) of \u22654 mm at the sampled site. Pearson\u2019s product\u2012moment correlation and simple linear regression analyses revealed a significant correlation between the GBG and FTBG measurements. Bland\u2013Altman analysis revealed that GBG and FTBG measurements differed significantly among all participants; however, no significant differences were observed among the patients with diabetes (mean difference (MD) \u00b1 standard deviation (SD) = \u221218.1 \u00b1 34.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) [\u221237.0 to 0.88]) or among the participants with a PPD of \u22654 mm (MD \u00b1 SD = \u221215.2 \u00b1 30.4, 95% CI [\u221230.8 to 0.43]). The sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values of the GBG measurements for detecting diabetes were 80%, 93%, and 123.5 mg\/dL, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values of the FTBG measurements for detecting diabetes were 73%, 87%, and 134.0 mg\/dL, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the AUCs (0.078, 95% CI [\u22120.006 to 0.161]).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The GBG measurements aligned with the FTBG measurements in the patients with diabetes and among the participants with a PPD of \u22654 mm. Patients with diabetes were more likely to have a PPD of \u22654 mm at the sampled site, GBG levels can be used to screen for type 2 diabetes in dental clinics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T08:26:13Z","timestamp":1730881573000},"page":"e18239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reliability and utility of blood glucose levels in the periodontal pockets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Terada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido 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