{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:44:43Z","timestamp":1787589883808,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2021S1A5A2A01062062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021S1A5A2A01062062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compared the immediate effects of two common post-exercise cool-down methods to a control condition on subsequent morphologic change in femoral cartilage and vascular response in the posterior tibial artery after running. Sixteen healthy young males (23.6 \u00b1 2.2 years, 172.8 \u00b1 4.9 cm, 72.2 \u00b1 7.1 kg) visited the laboratory during three separate sessions and performed 30-min of treadmill running (7.5 km\/h for the initial 5-min, followed 8.5 km\/h for 25-min). After running, participants experienced one of three 30-min cool-down protocols: active cool-down, cold application, or control (seated rest with their knee fully extended), in a counterbalanced order. Ultrasonographic assessments of femoral cartilage thickness (intercondylar, lateral, and medial) and posterior tibial artery blood flow were compared. To test condition effects over time, two-way analysis of variances and Tukey tests were used (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) with Cohen\u2019s d effect sizes (ES). There was no condition by time interaction in femoral cartilage thickness (intercondylar: F<jats:sub>30,705<\/jats:sub> = 0.91, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.61; lateral: F<jats:sub>30,705<\/jats:sub> = 1.24, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.18; medial: F<jats:sub>30,705<\/jats:sub> = 0.49, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.99). Regardless of time (condition effect: F<jats:sub>2,705<\/jats:sub> &gt; 3.24, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.04 for all tests), femoral cartilage in the cold application condition was thicker than the control condition (intercondylar: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01, ES = 0.16; lateral: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001, ES = 0.24; medial: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04. ES = 0.16). Regardless of condition (time effect: F<jats:sub>15,705<\/jats:sub> &gt; 10.31, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001 for all tests), femoral cartilage thickness was decreased after running (intercondylar: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001, ES = 1.37; lateral: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001, ES = 1.58; medial: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001, ES = 0.81) and returned to baseline levels within 40-min (intercondylar: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.09; lateral: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.64; medial: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.26). Blood flow volume was different (condition \u00d7 time: F<jats:sub>30,705<\/jats:sub> = 2.36, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) that running-induced blood flow volume was maintained for 30-min for the active cool-down condition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001, ES = 1.64), whereas it returned to baseline levels within 10-min for other conditions (cold application: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.67; control: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.62). Neither blood flow nor temperature had a significant impact on the recovery in femoral cartilage after running.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T08:06:07Z","timestamp":1729757167000},"page":"e18302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acute responses and recovery in the femoral cartilage morphology following running and cool-down protocols"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-6507","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanghyup","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-259X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junhyeong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonggyu","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaewon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18302\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2081-8","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of the femoral cartilage thickness after unilateral arthroscopic partial meniscectomy","volume":"21","author":"Akkaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18302\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.04.040","article-title":"The role of interstitial fluid pressurization in articular cartilage lubrication","volume":"42","author":"Ateshian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18302\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-015-0164-3","article-title":"Volumetric blood flow measurement using Doppler ultrasound: concerns about the technique","volume":"18","author":"Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Ultrasound"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18302\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045186","article-title":"The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: a review","volume":"65","author":"Cohen","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18302\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02558-1","article-title":"The characteristic recovery time as a novel, noninvasive metric for assessing in vivo cartilage mechanical function","volume":"48","author":"Cutcliffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18302\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.022400","article-title":"In vivo cartilage deformation after different types of activity and its dependence on physical training status","volume":"64","author":"Eckstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18302\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091556","article-title":"Thermo-haemodynamic coupling during regional thigh heating: insight into the importance of local thermosensitive mechanisms in blood circulation","volume":"109","author":"Esteves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18302\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603520923137","article-title":"Does gender influence outcome in cartilage repair surgery? 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