{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:30:10Z","timestamp":1792809010462,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Medicine Greifswald, Germany","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/025vngs54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry for Economics, Labour and Health Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","award":["406-00000-2020\/002-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406-00000-2020\/002-018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited data on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in rural areas of northern Germany necessitate comprehensive cohort studies. We aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence, silent infection (SI) rates and risk factors for infections among children and adolescents in Western Pomerania from December 2020 to August 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, serum or plasma samples from children and adolescents (6 months to 17 years) were collected during routine blood draw. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies (S1 and nucleocapsid) and their neutralizing capacity were analyzed using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent and neutralization assays. Socio-demographic data and information about SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination were obtained. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infections and SI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1,131 blood samples were included into the study. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 25.1%, strongly influenced by the pandemic course, predominant virus variants, age and approval of vaccination. SI rate was 5.4% (95%-CI [3.7%\u20136.8%]) among unvaccinated and undiagnosed children over the entire study period with highest rates among adolescents. Main risk factor despite the time at risk for silent infections was an infected household member (Odds ratio = 9.88, 95%-CI [4.23\u201322.9],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Factors associated with overall infections (known and silent) also include the infection of a household member (Odds ratio = 17.8, 95%-CI [10.7\u201329.6],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We believe that the introduction of governmental measures and systematic test strategies in schools strongly impacted on the SI rate, as we suspect that asymptomatic cases have already been identified, resulting in surprisingly low SI identified in our study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1731296204000},"page":"e18384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seroprevalence and silent infection rate during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic among children and adolescents in Western Pomerania: a multicenter, cross-sectional study\u2014the COVIDKID study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marcus","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Kuthning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Gramenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arevik","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Wittmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ). Partner site Greifswald\/Rostock, Greifswald,  Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Gesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital, Sana Hospital R\u00fcgen, Bergen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Niesytto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, AMEOS Hospital Anklam, Anklam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Vogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Asklepios Clinic Pasewalk, Pasewalk, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanda","family":"Tuxhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kreiskrankenhaus Demmin, Demmin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Lenschow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Linnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Outpatient Clinic, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Lode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Kaderali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almut","family":"Meyer-Bahlburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ). 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