{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T22:30:02Z","timestamp":1779316202754,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]],"date-time":"2016-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459728000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Walt Disney World Resorts"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Praziquantel (PZQ) is a drug commonly utilized to treat both human schistosomiasis and some parasitic infections and infestations in animals. In the aquarium industry, PZQ can be administered in a \u201cbath\u201d to treat the presence of ectoparasites on both the gills and skin of fish and elasmobranchs. In order to fully treat an infestation, the bath treatment has to maintain therapeutic levels of PZQ over a period of days or weeks. It has long been assumed that, once administered, PZQ is stable in a marine environment throughout the treatment interval and must be mechanically removed, but no controlled experiments have been conducted to validate that claim. This study aimed to determine if PZQ would break down naturally within a marine aquarium below its 2 ppm therapeutic level during a typical 30-day treatment: and if so, does the presence of fish or the elimination of all living biological material impact the degradation of PZQ? Three 650 L marine aquarium systems, each containing 12 fish (French grunts:<jats:italic>Haemulon flavolineatum<\/jats:italic>), and three 650 L marine aquariums each containing no fish were treated with PZQ (2 ppm) and concentrations were measured daily for 30 days. After one round of treatment, the PZQ was no longer detectable in any system after 8 (\u00b11) days. The subsequent two PZQ treatments yielded even faster PZQ breakdown (non-detectable after 2 days and 2 \u00b1 1 day, respectively) with slight variations between systems. Linear mixed effects models of the data indicate that day and trial most impact PZQ degradation, while the presence of fish was not a factor in the best-fit models. In a completely sterilized marine system (0.5 L) PZQ concentration remained unchanged over 15 days, suggesting that PZQ may be stable in a marine system during this time period. The degradation observed in non-sterile marine systems in this study may be microbial in nature. This work should be taken into consideration when providing PZQ bath treatments to marine animals to ensure maximum drug administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]],"date-time":"2016-04-04T04:05:25Z","timestamp":1459742725000},"page":"e1857","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Praziquantel degradation in marine aquarium water"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Amber","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Seas, Epcot, Walt Disney World Resort, Disney\u2019s Animals, Science and Environment, Lake Buena Vista, FL, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Seas, Epcot, Walt Disney World Resort, Disney\u2019s Animals, Science and Environment, Lake Buena Vista, FL, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Andrew","family":"Stamper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Seas, Epcot, Walt Disney World Resort, Disney\u2019s Animals, Science and Environment, Lake Buena Vista, FL, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.1857\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176528","article-title":"Mechanism of formaldehyde biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida","volume":"33","author":"Adroer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.1857\/ref-2","author":"Bates","year":"2014","edition":"11-7","journal-title":"lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.1857\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2013.45.1.32","article-title":"Praziquantel treatment in trematode and cestode infections: an 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