{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:33:07Z","timestamp":1780410787908,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common adult leukemia characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic mature B cells in blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. The disease biology remains unresolved in many aspects, including the processes underlying the disease progression and relapses. However, studying CLL <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> poses a considerable challenge due to its complexity and dependency on the microenvironment. Several approaches are utilized to overcome this issue, such as co-culture of CLL cells with other cell types, supplementing culture media with growth factors, or setting up a three-dimensional (3D) culture. Previous studies have shown that 3D cultures, compared to conventional ones, can lead to enhanced cell survival and altered gene expression. 3D cultures can also give valuable information while testing treatment response <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> since they mimic the cell spatial organization more accurately than conventional culture.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In our study, we investigated the behavior of CLL cells in two types of material: (i) solid porous collagen scaffolds and (ii) gel composed of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol (CMC-PEG). We studied CLL cells\u2019 distribution, morphology, and viability in these materials by a transmitted-light and confocal microscopy. We also measured the metabolic activity of cultured cells. Additionally, the expression levels of <jats:italic>MYC, VCAM1, MCL1, CXCR4<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>CCL4<\/jats:italic> genes in CLL cells were studied by qPCR to observe whether our novel culture approaches lead to increased adhesion, lower apoptotic rates, or activation of cell signaling in relation to the enhanced contact with co-cultured cells.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both materials were biocompatible, translucent, and permeable, as assessed by metabolic assays, cell staining, and microscopy. While collagen scaffolds featured easy manipulation, washability, transferability, and biodegradability, CMC-PEG was advantageous for its easy preparation process and low variability in the number of accommodated cells. Both materials promoted cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions due to the scaffold structure and generation of cell aggregates. The metabolic activity of CLL cells cultured in CMC-PEG gel was similar to or higher than in conventional culture. Compared to the conventional culture, there was (i) a lower expression of <jats:italic>VCAM1<\/jats:italic> in both materials, (ii) a higher expression of <jats:italic>CCL4<\/jats:italic> in collagen scaffolds, and (iii) a lower expression of <jats:italic>CXCR4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>MCL1<\/jats:italic> (transcript variant 2) in collagen scaffolds, while it was higher in a CMC-PEG gel. Hence, culture in the material can suppress the expression of a pro-apoptotic gene (<jats:italic>MCL1<\/jats:italic> in collagen scaffolds) or replicate certain gene expression patterns attributed to CLL cells in lymphoid organs (low <jats:italic>CXCR4<\/jats:italic>, high <jats:italic>CCL4<\/jats:italic> in collagen scaffolds) or blood (high <jats:italic>CXCR4<\/jats:italic> in CMC-PEG).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T08:57:32Z","timestamp":1733475452000},"page":"e18637","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i> culture of leukemic cells in collagen scaffolds and carboxymethyl cellulose-polyethylene glycol gel"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0025-4364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hana","family":"Svozilova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Molecular Medicine, 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