{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:11:53Z","timestamp":1771481513855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Peri-implant and periodontal conditions share common underlying factors, including risk factors, microbiology, immunology, and treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the potential co-occurrence of peri-implant and periodontal conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred twenty-three implants were divided into three groups: peri-implantitis (41 implants), peri-implant mucositis (41 implants), and peri-implant health (41 implants). Peri-implant and periodontal statuses were assessed using the 2017 AAP\/EFP World Workshop on Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions. All measurements were performed by a single clinician (T.\u015e.). One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the study groups according to the data. An assessment was conducted regarding the coexistence of periodontal and peri-implant conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with peri-implant mucositis predominantly had gingivitis, whereas those with peri-implant health exhibited periodontal health. In contrast, patients with peri-implantitis mostly had gingivitis, with a lower occurrence of periodontitis. A significant difference was observed between the peri-implant and periodontal groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003). Significant differences were observed between peri-implant and periodontal evaluations for plaque indices, gingival indices, probing depth, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings of this study underscore the intricate influence of implant treatment on periodontal health. This observation emphasizes the importance of elucidating the underlying factors to improve clinical management and outcomes in patients with periodontal and peri-implant diseases, highlighting the relevance and potential impact of this research in the field.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T12:57:44Z","timestamp":1733230664000},"page":"e18663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of the relationships between peri-implant diseases, periodontal diseases, and conditions: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tu\u011fba","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque","volume":"25","author":"Ainamo","year":"1975","journal-title":"International Dental Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-2","first-page":"153","article-title":"Laser treatment of peri-implantitis: a literature review","volume":"5","author":"Ashnagar","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04253-4","article-title":"Microbiome differences in periodontal, peri-implant, and healthy sites: a cross-sectional pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Investigations"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.6659","article-title":"Pink esthetic score outcomes around three implant-abutment configurations: 3-year results","volume":"33","author":"Barwacz","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S313","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12957","article-title":"Peri-implant diseases and conditions: consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions","volume":"89","author":"Berglundh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Periodontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1991.020206.x","article-title":"The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth","volume":"2","author":"Berglundh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Implants Research"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01672.x","article-title":"Are peri-implantitis lesions different from periodontitis lesions?","volume":"38","author":"Berglundh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0719","article-title":"Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions","volume":"89","author":"Chapple","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Periodontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.49068","article-title":"An overview of the corrosion aspect of dental implants (titanium and its alloys)","volume":"20","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12447","article-title":"Risk factors for periodontitis & peri-implantitis","volume":"90","author":"Darby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S880","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1072_23","article-title":"Efficacy of laser-assisted periodontal therapy vs conventional scaling and root planing","volume":"16","author":"Diwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13896","article-title":"Clinical, immunological and microbiological evaluation of experimental peri-implant mucositis and gingivitis in subjects with Grade C, stage III\/IV periodontitis background","volume":"51","author":"Dutra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jounal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"issue":"9877","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60970-8","article-title":"Reconsidering the declaration of Helsinki","volume":"381","author":"Emanuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.09.010","article-title":"Periodontitis as a risk factor for peri-implantitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"79","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9100","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239100","article-title":"Levels of gene expression of immunological biomarkers in peri-implant and periodontal tissues","volume":"17","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"4S","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.4s.338","article-title":"Host responses in periodontal diseases: current concepts","volume":"63","author":"Genco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Periodontology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6846074","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6846074","article-title":"Antibiotics in the treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"2021","author":"Hammami","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13585","article-title":"Implant disease risk assessment IDRA\u2014a tool for preventing peri-implant disease","volume":"31","author":"Heitz-Mayfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Implants Research"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.2014suppl.g5.3","article-title":"The therapy of peri-implantitis: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Heitz-Mayfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061232","article-title":"The main bacterial communities identified in the sites affected by periimplantitis: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Iu\u0219an","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400605","article-title":"Genes and gene polymorphisms associated with periodontal disease","volume":"14","author":"Kinane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-22","first-page":"56","article-title":"Current status of dental implants: a periodontal perspective","volume":"15","author":"Klokkevold","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12372","article-title":"Peri-implantitis is not periodontitis: scientific discoveries shed light on microbiome-biomaterial interactions that may determine disease phenotype","volume":"86","author":"Kotsakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12047","article-title":"Comprehensive microbiological findings in peri-implantitis and periodontitis","volume":"40","author":"Koyanagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515618887","article-title":"Regenerative medicine for periodontal and peri-implant diseases","volume":"95","author":"Larsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12453","article-title":"Influence of epigenetics on periodontitis and peri-implantitis pathogenesis","volume":"90","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101802","article-title":"Oral microbes, biofilms and their role in periodontal and peri-implant diseases","volume":"11","author":"Lasserre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e3181effa53","article-title":"Biofilm related to dental implants","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implant Dentistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356309011240","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity","volume":"21","author":"Loe","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Odontology Scandivica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2015.06.005","article-title":"What is the contribution of genetics to periodontal risk?","volume":"59","author":"Loos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dental Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2006.01282.x","article-title":"Comparison of clinical, radiographic and immunological parameters of teeth and different dental implant platforms","volume":"17","author":"Machtei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Implants Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6602","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06602","article-title":"Intraindividual variation in core microbiota in peri-implantitis and periodontitis","volume":"4","author":"Maruyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411960070030501","article-title":"Periodontitis vs. peri-implantitis: the same disease? The same treatment?","volume":"7","author":"Meffert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-34","first-page":"46","article-title":"An implant is not a tooth: a comparison of periodontal indices","volume":"2","author":"Misch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dental Implant Prosthetics-E-Book"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1992.030402.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment of peri-implant infections","volume":"3","author":"Mombelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Implants Research"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Periodontology"},{"issue":"s10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01416.x","article-title":"Periodontitis as a potential risk factor for peri-implantitis","volume":"36","author":"Renvert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"issue":"S20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S278","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12956","article-title":"Peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis: case definitions and diagnostic considerations","volume":"45","author":"Renvert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12124","article-title":"Periodontal and peri-implant diseases: identical or fraternal infections?","volume":"31","author":"Robitaille","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Oral Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.160524","article-title":"Increased levels of dissolved titanium are associated with peri-implantitis\u2014a cross-sectional study","volume":"88","author":"Safioti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Periodontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02220.x","article-title":"Reversibility of experimental peri-implant mucositis compared with experimental gingivitis in humans","volume":"23","author":"Salvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Implants Research"},{"issue":"S21","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13827","article-title":"Peri\u2010implantitis: summary and consensus statements of group 3. The 6th EAO consensus conference 2021","volume":"32","author":"Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Implants Research"},{"issue":"S20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S246","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12954","article-title":"Peri-implantitis","volume":"45","author":"Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766944","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.766944","article-title":"Periodontal disease: the good, the bad, and the unknown","volume":"11","author":"Sedghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050313x211029154","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X211029154","article-title":"Non-surgical treatment for periodontitis and peri-implantitis: longitudinal clinical and bacteriological findings\u2014a case report with a 7-year follow-up evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Shiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Medical Case Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356408993968","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition","volume":"22","author":"Silness","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Odontology Scandivica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-024-00193-9","article-title":"Involvement of interlukin-17A (IL-17A) gene polymorphism and interlukin-23 (IL-23) level in the development of peri-implantitis","volume":"10","author":"Talib","year":"2024","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_19_22","article-title":"The study of genetic predisposition on periodontitis and peri-implantitis","volume":"25","author":"Turkmen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02322.x","article-title":"IL1 gene polymorphisms and unsuccessful dental implants","volume":"23","author":"Vaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Implants Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41432-021-0152-8","article-title":"Does a history of periodontal disease affect implant survival?","volume":"22","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Dentistry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13459","article-title":"Intra-oral single-site comparisons of periodontal and peri-implant microbiota in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Implants Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S363538","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis of gingival immune-mediated inflammation in peri-implantitis and periodontitis within the same host environment","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Inflammation Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18663\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785191","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.785191","article-title":"Periodontal and peri-implant microbiome dysbiosis is associated with alterations in the microbial community structure and local stability","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/18663.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/18663.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/18663.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/18663.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T12:57:49Z","timestamp":1733230669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/18663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.18663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.18663","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"article-number":"e18663"}}