{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T10:50:04Z","timestamp":1745578204159,"version":"3.30.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Recently, there has been increasing interest in the exploration of the association between the hepatitis E virus (<jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic>) infection and malignancies; however, epidemiological data for <jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> infection among women with a gynecological tumors (GT) are limited. Herein, we investigated the correlation between <jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> and GT in Chinese women.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We recruited 452 women diagnosed with a primary GT and 452 healthy volunteers to investigate the possible routes and risk factors for <jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> infection. The serum antibody levels of anti-<jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> IgG and IgM were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassays once a year.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After a median follow-up time of 5.4 years (range 4 to 7 years), the overall detection rate of anti-<jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> antibodies in patients with GT and in controls were 69\/452 (15.27%) and 23\/452 (5.09%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), respectively. The seroprevalence of anti-<jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> IgG antibodies was significant higher in patients with GT (15.27%) than in healthy controls (5.09%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). Moreover, 13 (2.88%) patients with GT were positive for IgM antibodies, while only 4 (0.88%) healthy controls tested positive for anti-<jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> IgM antibodies (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.028). The highest prevalence of <jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> antibodies were detected in patients with ovarian borderline tumors (40%), followed by patients with ovarian cancer (20.54%) and endometrial cancer (18.46%). Multivariable analysis revealed that contact with dogs (OR, 1.88; 95% CI [1.10\u20133.22]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.015) and a history of anti-tumor chemotherapy (OR, 1.85; 95% CI [1.07\u20133.20]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.028) were independent risk factors for <jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, the present study showed that patients with GT are more susceptible to <jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> infection in Eastern China, particularly in patients with ovarian borderline tumors. Thus, effective strategies are needed to reduce <jats:italic>HEV<\/jats:italic> infection in patients with GT.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T08:01:41Z","timestamp":1734508901000},"page":"e18747","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence and risk factors of hepatitis E virus infection in women with gynecological tumors in Eastern China"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenye","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Women and Children\u2019s Hospital, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuchao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"37","key":"10.7717\/peerj.18747\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i37.5543","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus: epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Aslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.18747\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.04.003","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis E virus infection in cancer patients in eastern 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