{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:27:16Z","timestamp":1777033636090,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022YFA1304102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1304102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T2341010, 32070122, 32170659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2341010, 32070122, 32170659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Periodontitis is not always satisfactorily treated with conventional scaling and root planing, and adjunctive use of antibiotics is required in clinical practice. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to understand the diversity and the antibiotic resistance of subgingival microbiota when exposed to different antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, subgingival plaques were collected from 10 periodontitis patients and 11 periodontally healthy volunteers, and their microbiota response to selective pressure of four antibiotics (amoxicillin, metronidazole, clindamycin, and tetracycline) were evaluated through 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic sequencing analysis. Additionally, sensitive and resistant strains were isolated and cultured <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> for resistance evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cultivation of subgingival microbiota revealed the oral microbiota from periodontitis patients were more resistant to antibiotics than that of healthy. Significant differences were also observed for the microbial community between with and without antibiotics (especially amoxicillin and tetracycline) treated in periodontitis group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, after the two antibiotics (amoxicillin and tetracycline) exposed, the oral subgingival microbiota in periodontitis patients exhibited different diversity and composition. <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> may account for oral biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance in periodontitis. This provides information for personalized treatment of periodontitis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T08:16:37Z","timestamp":1737360997000},"page":"e18835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibiotic exposure enriches streptococci carrying resistance genes in periodontitis plaque biofilms"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FengXiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengtao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 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