{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T05:10:20Z","timestamp":1739596220276,"version":"3.37.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2023MS273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MS273"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The globe cultivation and industrial production of quinoa have been steadily increasing. Nevertheless, the full potential of quinoa\u2019s nutritional and economic benefits remains underexploited. This study investigates the isolation and purification of quinoa active protein (QAP) through the precipitation method using ammonium sulfate from a phosphate extraction solution. The purification process involved gel filtration chromatography with Sephadex G-75 and Sephadex G-50 columns to obtain QAP fractions exhibiting inhibitory effects against <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>). A comprehensive series of experiments was undertaken to examine the antifungal properties of these fractions. Proteomic analysis was employed to elucidate the composition of the active proteins. Furthermore, the activities of succinate dehydrogenase, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase, and catalase in <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> following treatment with QAP were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of QAP on the cell morphology of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic> cultured on Spider agar medium was further investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis was conducted to investigate the alterations in gene expression in <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> cells subjected to QAP treatment. To elucidate the functional significance of these expression changes, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was subsequently employed to validate the observed changes in gene expression. Our findings demonstrate that QAP exhibits inhibitory effects against <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 182 \u00b5g\/mL. Through proteomic analysis, a definitive set of 18 active quinoa proteins was identified. At the molecular level, genes associated with hyphal development, cell wall and membrane integrity, cellular respiration, and energy metabolism were found to be enriched. Protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed that these QAP inhibit the growth of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> hyphae, compromise cell wall and membrane integrity, and suppress oxidative phosphorylation. These disruptions collectively impair normal cellular metabolic activities, thereby exerting an inhibitory effect on <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T08:45:22Z","timestamp":1739522722000},"page":"e18961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preparation and analysis of quinoa active protein (QAP) and its mechanism of inhibiting <i>Candida albicans<\/i> from a transcriptome perspective"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xufei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 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Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, College of Food and Biological 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