{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:21:56Z","timestamp":1769160116731,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the fracture resistance of immediate and delayed restorations after root canal treatment (RCT).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sixty human intact premolar teeth were used. Teeth were prepared disto-occlusally. After RCT, teeth were randomly divided into two groups according to restoration times (immediate or 3 months delayed). The three month delay was imitated by thermomechanical aging. Then, samples were divided into six subgroups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10). While I (Composite resin), II (Flowable bulk-fill) and III (Ribbond+Flowable bulk-fill) were restored immediately, Groups IV, V and VI were restored with temporary filling material and stored in distilled. After subjected to thermo-cycling (2,500 cycles, 5\u201355 \u00b0C) and exposed to 60,000 cycles in a chewing simulator, Group IV (Composite resin), V (Flowable bulk-fill) and VI (Ribbond+Flowable bulk-fill) were restored. All of the teeth were fractured on the universal testing machine. Failure modes were analyzed using scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk and two-way ANOVA tests <jats:italic>(p &lt; 0.05)<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The highest fracture resistance was recorded in Group III while the lowest in Group VI. No statistically significant difference was observed among groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). Most of the repairable fractures were seen in Groups I and II.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Delaying the permanent restorations of teeth for 3 months did not affect fracture resistance. However, it was suggested to avoid delaying restorations for obtaining repairable surfaces.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T08:42:40Z","timestamp":1740472960000},"page":"e19018","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of fracture resistance between immediate and delayed composite restorations with or without fiber after root canal treatment: a field-emission-gun scanning electron microscope study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zeynep Buket","family":"Kaynar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6zde","family":"Akbal Din\u00e7er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazmiye","family":"Donmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.05.006","article-title":"Polymerization shrinkage kinetics and shrinkage stress in dental resin-composites","volume":"32","author":"Al Sunbul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dental Materials"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-2","first-page":"247","article-title":"The effect of c-factor and flowable resin or fiber use at the interface on micro tensile bond strength to dentin","volume":"8","author":"Belli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Adhesive Dentistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2341\/13-324-L","article-title":"Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization contraction, depth of cure, and gap formation","volume":"40","author":"Benetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Operative Dentistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.11.024","article-title":"In vitro performance of full-contour zirconia single crowns","volume":"28","author":"Beuer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dental Materials"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-5","first-page":"230","article-title":"The effect of cavity wall taper on fracture resistance of teeth restored with resin composite inlays","volume":"18","author":"Burke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Operative Dentistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12242","article-title":"The survival of indirect composite resin onlays for the restoration of root filled teeth: a retrospective medium-term study","volume":"47","author":"Chrepa","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Endodontic Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-7","first-page":"163","article-title":"A clinical comparison of resin composite inlay and onlay posterior restorations and cast-gold restorations at 7 years","volume":"30","author":"Donly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quintessence International"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.2341\/13-017-L","article-title":"Polymerization shrinkage stress kinetics and related properties of bulk-fill resin composites","volume":"39","author":"El-Damanhoury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Operative Dentistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126931","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3126931","article-title":"Can fiber application affect the fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth restored with a low viscosity bulk-fill composite?","volume":"1","author":"Eliguzeloglu Dalk\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Research International"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19018\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2006.02.005","article-title":"Is the wear of dental composites still a clinical concern? 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