{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:12:07Z","timestamp":1785215527086,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic rheumatic disease that predominantly affects the axial skeleton, causing pain and functional impairment. Kinesiophobia, or fear of movement, is common in patients with chronic pain conditions and can significantly hinder treatment outcomes. This study aims to assess the level of kinesiophobia in AS patients and explore its relationship with demographic characteristics, disease duration, pain intensity, disease activity, and functional impairment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This single-center study included 35 AS patients from July 2021 to July 2023. Patient demographics, disease duration, disease activity (BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index)), functionality (BASFI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index)), pain intensity (VAS (Visual Analog Scale)), and kinesiophobia (TSK (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia)) were recorded and analyzed. Patients were categorized into low and high kinesiophobia groups based on TSK scores.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 35 AS patients, 15 (42.86%) had high kinesiophobia levels (TSK \u226537). Patients with high kinesiophobia had significantly higher BASDAI, BASFI, and VAS scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) compared to those with low kinesiophobia. No significant relationship was found between kinesiophobia and age, gender, or disease duration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>High levels of kinesiophobia in AS patients are associated with increased pain, disease activity, and functional impairment. Early interventions targeting kinesiophobia could improve treatment outcomes and patient functionality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T08:55:36Z","timestamp":1739436936000},"page":"e19034","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ankylosing spondylitis and kinesiophobia"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2142-2264","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ugur","family":"Ertem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19034\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.56941\/odutip.1313738","article-title":"The impact of disease activity and obesity on kinesiophobia in ankylosing spondylitis kinesiophobia and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"10","author":"Altunel K\u0131l\u0131nc","year":"2023","journal-title":"ODU Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19034\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.22391\/920.182939","article-title":"The evaluation of the effectiveness of palliative pain management in cancer patients with visual analogue scale","volume":"1","author":"Arslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Family Practice and Palliative Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19034\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254262","article-title":"Kinesiophobia and its correlations with pain, proprioception, and functional performance among individuals with chronic neck pain","volume":"16","author":"Asiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19034\/ref-4","first-page":"139","article-title":"Ankilozan spondilitli hastalarda bath ankilozan spondilit hastal\u0131k aktivite indeksinin (BASHA\u0130) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e versiyonunun ge\u00e7erlilik ve g\u00fcvenilirlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 [Validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASHAI) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis]","volume":"19","author":"Ay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Romatizma Dergisi"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19034\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.31609\/jpmrs.2019-71981","article-title":"Is kinesiophobia associated with impaired quality of life in patients with ankylosing spondylitis?","volume":"23","author":"Balevi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19034\/ref-6","first-page":"2281","article-title":"A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index","volume":"21","author":"Calin","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19034\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.9.878","article-title":"Defining disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis: is a combination of variables (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) an appropriate instrument?","volume":"38","author":"Calin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19034\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90088-X","article-title":"Assessment of chronic pain. 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