{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T22:24:04Z","timestamp":1788733444459,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University","award":["SCG-2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCG-2022-2"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p><jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> is a soil- and water-dwelling bacterium that causes the life-threatening infection melioidosis. Patients typically acquire this infection through environmental exposure, so reducing <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> levels in the environment could mitigate the risk of infection. <jats:italic>Trichoderma asperellum<\/jats:italic> is a biological control agent that synthesizes a diverse range of antimicrobial substances targeting other microorganisms. This study therefore examined the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of <jats:italic>T. asperellum<\/jats:italic> culture filtrate against <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The antibacterial activities of <jats:italic>T. asperellum<\/jats:italic> culture filtrates, collected at various time intervals, were assessed against <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> using the agar well diffusion method. Subsequently, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), and anti-biofilm activities of the culture filtrate exhibiting the highest inhibitory effect were determined. Bactericidal efficacy was further evaluated via a time-kill assay. The mechanisms underlying inhibition were then investigated using scanning electron microscopy and crystal violet uptake assays.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Filtrate collected from 7-day old cultures of <jats:italic>T. asperellum<\/jats:italic> (TD7) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>, with an inhibition zone of 30.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.19\u00a0mm. The MIC of TD7 against <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> was 7.81 \u00b1\u00a00.00 mg\/mL and the MBC ranged from 7.81 \u00b1\u00a00.00 to 11.72 \u00b1\u00a01.75 mg\/mL. Time-kill studies with TD7 confirmed its bactericidal activity, with complete elimination of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> occurring within 30 min treatment at 62.48 mg\/mL (8xMIC) and 24 h treatment at 7.81\u00a0mg\/mL (1xMIC). At a concentration of \u00a07.81\u00a0mg\/mL, TD7 also significantly reduced <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed surface roughening and cell shrinkage of TD7-treated <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>. TD7-treated bacteria were also found to absorb more crystal violet dye than untreated cells, indicating that TD7 might inhibit and kill <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> by disrupting cell membrane permeability.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that <jats:italic>T. asperellum<\/jats:italic> culture filtrates possess bactericidal activity and effectively disrupt biofilm formation by <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>. This suggests that <jats:italic>T. asperellum<\/jats:italic> could potentially be used to reduce the presence of <jats:italic>B.\u00a0pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> in the environment and, consequently, lower the incidence of melioidosis.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T08:56:07Z","timestamp":1740732967000},"page":"e19051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Inhibitory effects of <i>Trichoderma asperellum<\/i> culture filtrates on pathogenic bacteria, <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Naritsara","family":"Roopkhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 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