{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:34:38Z","timestamp":1788582878861,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","award":["R.G.P.2\/598\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.G.P.2\/598\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) comprise an extensive spectrum of conditions that originate from diverse complex components of the temporomandibular joint. It is generally acknowledged that the biopsychosocial model is the preeminent framework for understanding the aetiology of TMDs. Anxiety, depression, and tension are among the psychological disorders that are commonly observed in dental students. The current research probed the propinquity of psychosocial stressors and TMD-like symptoms among clinical dental undergraduates residing in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia, with a specific emphasis on the functional implications for their overall well-being.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This research included 89 clinical dentistry students who completed online questionnaires. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and Oral Health Impact Profile for Temporomandibular Disorders (OHIP-TMD) were used in these surveys. The trait-related attributes of TMD impacting the oral health profile were assessed using principal component analysis. Demographic factors for anxiety and TMD were examined using linear regression. The psychosocial and functional variables of the OHIP-TMD were compared with those of anxiety in the general regression system.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) value was 0.60, with a standard deviation of 0.61, indicating that the majority of respondents reported no or infrequent impacts on their oral health profile. Gender was a significant predictor of OHIP scores (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), with females reporting higher scores. Despite these higher scores among females, the overall impact on oral health remained minimal for most respondents. The average PROMIS score was 11.12, with a standard deviation of 3.84. The PROMIS regression analysis on demographic variables yielded an R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> value of 0.092, F(4,78) = 5.691, with significance at <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05. Gender emerged as the most significant predictor of PROMIS scores (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), with females reporting higher scores. Once again, despite the higher scores among females, the overall impact remained low for most respondents. An analysis using a general linear model revealed a significant correlation between heightened anxiety levels and an increase in both psychosocial problems and physical function.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although the majority of respondents reported minimal impacts on their oral health, anxiety remained a significant issue among female clinical dentistry students at the College of Dentistry in Aseer Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This anxiety was closely linked with psychological distress and impaired oral physical function. Beyond the realm of dental health, anxiety also had a profound effect on academic performance and student engagement. Therefore, addressing student anxiety is essential for enhancing overall well-being and academic success.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:42:41Z","timestamp":1740645761000},"page":"e19066","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association between psychosocial stressors and temporomandibular disorders in clinical dental students: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagadish","family":"Hosmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Alassiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Mosfer","family":"A. Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alfaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuayl Abdulaziz","family":"Al Jazea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555780","DOI":"10.19080\/ADOH.2019.10.555788","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorder symptoms and their association with anxiety and depression among university students","volume":"10","author":"Akhter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Dentistry & Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0642-9","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed temporomandibular disorders among Saudi Arabian children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Al-Khotani","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Headache and Pain"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9369674","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8833804","article-title":"Association of test anxiety with temporomandibular disorder in health professions students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2020","author":"Alamri","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2019.02.015","article-title":"The prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) among female dental students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"31","author":"AlHussaini","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Saudi Dental Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_25_16","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"AlZarea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of International Oral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192254","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed temporomandibular disorders: a cross-sectional study in Brazilian adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Bertoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12085","article-title":"Influence of anxiety on temporomandibular disorders\u2013an epidemiological survey with elders and adults in Southern Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Boscato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.15386\/cjmed-485","article-title":"Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders-a literature review","volume":"88","author":"Chisnoiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine and Pharmacy Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12685","article-title":"Prevalence of psychosocial impairment in temporomandibular disorder patients: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"De La Torre Canales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.25241\/stomaeduj.2015.2(2).bookreview.6","article-title":"Orofacial pain: guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and management","volume":"2","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stomatology Edu Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205874","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205874","article-title":"Prevalence of TMD and level of chronic pain in a group of Brazilian adolescents","volume":"14","author":"de Melo J\u00fanior","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2011.02233.x","article-title":"Creating a patient-based condition-specific outcome measure for Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs): Oral Health Impact Profile for TMDs (OHIP-TMDs)","volume":"38","author":"Durham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2017.1361053","article-title":"Relationship between anxiety and temporomandibular disorders in dental students","volume":"25","author":"Fernandes Azevedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"CRANIO\u00ae"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2637","article-title":"Impact of catastrophizing in patients with temporomandibular disorders\u2014a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"H\u00e4ggman-Henrikson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13104","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders for children aged 8\u201312 years","volume":"48","author":"Katsikogianni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040653","article-title":"Psychological outcomes on anxiety and depression after interventions for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13446","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents evaluated with diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Minervini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2010.11.001","article-title":"Relationship between anxiety and chronic orofacial pain of temporomandibular disorder in a group of university students","volume":"55","author":"Monteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Prosthodontic Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2648","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders in adults in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Nadershah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0070","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorder and anxiety, quality of sleep, and quality of life in nursing professionals","volume":"29","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brazilian Oral Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01503.x","article-title":"Anxiety and personality traits in patients with muscle-related temporomandibular disorders","volume":"32","author":"Pallegama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/07434610701650928","article-title":"The World Health Organization\u2019s international classification of functioning, disability and health: implications for clinical and research practice in the field of augmentative and alternative communication","volume":"23","author":"Raghavendra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Augmentative and Alternative Communication"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks","volume":"45","author":"Reeve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.11.026","article-title":"Interventions to reduce stress in university students: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Regehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13331","article-title":"Distribution of anxiety and depression among different subtypes of temporomandibular disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Reis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1277","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorder pain is related to the general disposition to be anxious","volume":"32","author":"Reissmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-12","article-title":"Interpreting one oral health impact profile point","volume":"11","author":"Reissmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2019.10.007","article-title":"Relationship between anxiety, quality of life, and sociodemographic characteristics and temporomandibular disorder","volume":"129","author":"Resende","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC\/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the international RDC\/TMD consortium network* and orofacial pain special interest group\u2020","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03260-1","article-title":"Depression and anxiety levels in patients with temporomandibular disorders: comparison with the general population","volume":"24","author":"Simoen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Investigations"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511399918","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life","volume":"90","author":"Sischo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01578-0","article-title":"Evaluation of temporomandibular disorders among dental students of Saudi Arabia using Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD): a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Srivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7020751","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders related to stress and HPA-Axis regulation","volume":"2018","author":"Staniszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Research and Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.7899\/JCE-18-3","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of the association between anxiety and temporomandibular disorder in Australian chiropractic students","volume":"33","author":"Theroux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Chiropractic Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03710-w","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Valesan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Investigations"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2386","article-title":"Prevalence and overlaps of headaches and pain-related temporomandibular disorders among the polish urban population","volume":"34","author":"Wieckiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12171","article-title":"OHIP-TMDs: a patient-reported outcome measure for temporomandibular disorders","volume":"43","author":"Yule","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19066\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1179\/2151090315Y.0000000007","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorder among North Saudi University students","volume":"34","author":"Zwiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"CRANIO\u00ae"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19066.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19066.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19066.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19066.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:42:51Z","timestamp":1740645771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19066","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"article-number":"e19066"}}