{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:40:44Z","timestamp":1784302844901,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1 TR000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000041"]}]},{"name":"The Winkler Bacterial Overgrowth Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have increased mortality from chronic inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Excess catecholamine exposure contributes to the disease associations of OSA, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that increased catecholamine exposure is associated with Enterobacteriaceae abundance in OSA. We compared urinary norepinephrine and the fecal microbiota in 24 patients with OSA and 23 controls. Urinary norepinephrine was elevated in OSA patients, consistent with increased sympathetic activation in those patients. OSA patients did not show changes in the community structure of the microbiome or in Enterobacteriaceae abundance compared to controls. Longitudinal changes in Enterobacteriaceae abundance in OSA patients were significantly associated with within-subject changes in norepinephrine, but this association was absent in controls. These results provide a preliminary association between norepinephrine exposure and Enterobacteriaceae in patients with disordered sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T08:19:11Z","timestamp":1744618751000},"page":"e19203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Catecholamine exposure and the gut microbiota in obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Joe","family":"Alcock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMD Serono, Inc, Boston, MA, United States of 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