{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:53:57Z","timestamp":1790823237536,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LYY22H280002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LYY22H280002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LZ23H030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ23H030002"]}]},{"name":"The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Zhejiang Province jointly build Science and Technology Program","award":["GZY-ZJ-KJ-23030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZY-ZJ-KJ-23030"]}]},{"name":"The Key Program of the Independent Design Project of National Clinical Research Center for Child Health","award":["I23I0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I23I0002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder with poorly understood mechanisms. Variations in gut microbiota composition are observed in different IBS subtypes. Ginsenosides have shown potential in alleviating IBS symptoms, but their interactions with gut microbiota in different IBS subtypes are not well studied.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In this study, we investigated the effects of ginsenosides on the gut microbiota of both healthy participants and participants suffering from IBS characterized by diarrhea (IBS-D) or constipation (IBS-C), using <jats:italic> in vitro<\/jats:italic> fermentation alongside 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The analysis demonstrated that there were no statistically significant alterations in \u03b1- or \u03b2-diversity between the ginsenosides-treated and control groups across all models. However, the microbial composition assessment revealed the presence of 51 shared genera, with notable variations in composition and a significant enrichment of specific taxa. Specifically, the LEfSe analysis revealed that, following ginsenosides treatment, the healthy model groups exhibited significant enrichment of <jats:italic> Stenotrophomonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic> Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>, while the IBS-D model groups demonstrated significant enrichment of <jats:italic> Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic> Stenotrophomonas<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The results elucidate the distinctive microbial signatures associated with ginsenosides treatment across both healthy and IBS-D groups, underscoring the potential therapeutic efficacy of ginsenosides in modulating gut microbiota. This study highlights the necessity for further investigation into targeted microbiome therapies for IBS, which may facilitate the development of more personalized and efficacious treatment strategies for gastrointestinal health.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T08:19:06Z","timestamp":1744705146000},"page":"e19223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ginsenosides and gut microbiota: differential effects on healthy individuals and irritable bowel syndrome subtypes"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhi","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengman","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieying","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Administration, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01945","article-title":"Comparative in silico analysis of butyrate production pathways in gut commensals and pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Anand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac052","article-title":"Opportunistic pathogens in cystic fibrosis: epidemiology and pathogenesis of lung infection","volume":"11","author":"Blanchard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2013.821137","article-title":"Effects of ginsenosides on rat jejunal contractility","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853981","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.853981","article-title":"Gut microbiota: therapeutic targets of ginseng against multiple disorders and ginsenoside transformation","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04848","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the Rats\u2019 gut microbiota composition in animals with different ginsenosides metabolizing activity","volume":"65","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172341","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.172341","article-title":"Remote effects of kidney drug transporter OAT1 on gut microbiome composition and urate homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Ermakov","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E275","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190716","article-title":"An approach to the care of patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"192","author":"Farmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal\/Journal de L\u2019Association Medicale Canadienne"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135007","article-title":"Structural, in vitro digestion, and fermentation characteristics of lotus leaf flavonoids","volume":"406","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.391S","article-title":"Aspects of in vitro and in vivo research approaches directed toward identifying probiotics and prebiotics for human use","volume":"130","author":"Gibson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12644-5","article-title":"Ginsenosides Rb3 and Rd reduce polyps formation while reinstate the dysbiotic gut microbiota and the intestinal microenvironment in Apc(Min\/+) mice","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439176","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1439176","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a modern adjuvant therapy in various diseases and disorders: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"15","author":"Karimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.2120","article-title":"Effect of ginseng saponins on a rat visceral hypersensitivity model","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.08.004","article-title":"Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Ginseng Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001036","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: management of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Lacy","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247025","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2247025","article-title":"Effect of synbiotic supplementation on immune parameters and gut microbiota in healthy adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1457-5","article-title":"Serotype-specific evolutionary patterns of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica","volume":"19","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116413","article-title":"Effect of chitooligosaccharides on human gut microbiota and antiglycation","volume":"242","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2022.2146686","article-title":"Characteristics of ginsenoside Rd-induced effects on rat intestinal contractility with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natural Product Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13040484","article-title":"What has longitudinal \u2018Omics\u2019 studies taught us about irritable bowel syndrome? A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137006","article-title":"Bacterial, short-chain fatty acid and gas profiles of partially hydrolyzed guar gum in vitro fermentation by human fecal microbiota","volume":"430","author":"Pi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921137","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.921137","article-title":"Effects of Zymosan on short-chain fatty acid and gas production in in vitro fermentation models of the human intestinal microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Pi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-024-00759-7","article-title":"Current status of bacteriophage therapy for severe bacterial infections","volume":"12","author":"Sawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24302084","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.31.24302084","article-title":"Microbiota-short chain fatty acid relationships and microbial substrate preferences vary across the spectrum of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)","volume":"2024","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedRxiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i36.6593","article-title":"New therapeutic perspectives in irritable bowel syndrome: targeting low-grade inflammation, immuno-neuroendocrine axis, motility, secretion and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Sinagra","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.013","article-title":"Gut microbiota associations with diet in irritable bowel syndrome and the effect of low FODMAP diet and probiotics","volume":"40","author":"Staudacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04592-x","article-title":"Karst tiankengs as refugia for indigenous tree flora amidst a degraded landscape in southwestern China","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061574","article-title":"Influence of temperature on growth of four different opportunistic pathogens in drinking water biofilms","volume":"11","author":"Van\u00a0der Wielen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.05.015","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis in the irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262130","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2262130","article-title":"Diet and gut microbial associations in irritable bowel syndrome according to disease subtype","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy376","article-title":"Prebiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional bowel disorders in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"109","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134707","article-title":"In vitro fermentation characteristics of the dietary fiber in bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoots and its regulatory effects on the intestinal microbiota and metabolites","volume":"404","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990476","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.990476","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rc ameliorated atherosclerosis via regulating gut microbiota and fecal metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2020.1714645","article-title":"Insights into gastrointestinal microbiota-generated ginsenoside metabolites and their bioactivities","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885722","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885722","article-title":"The expansion of a single bacteriophage leads to bacterial disturbance in gut and reduction of larval growth in musca domestica","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.03.004","article-title":"Unlocking the power of postbiotics: a revolutionary approach to nutrition for humans and animals","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301468","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1301468","article-title":"The interaction between ginseng and gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112493","article-title":"The bioaccessibility, bioavailability, bioactivity, and prebiotic effects of phenolic compounds from raw and solid-fermented mulberry leaves during in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation","volume":"165","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19223\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731288","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.731288","article-title":"Gut microbiota: novel therapeutic target of ginsenosides for the treatment of obesity and its complications","volume":"12","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19223.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19223.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19223.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19223.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T08:19:09Z","timestamp":1744705149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19223","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"article-number":"e19223"}}