{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T18:54:11Z","timestamp":1784055251193,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the realm of functional fitness training (FFT), three common circuits\u2014as many repetitions or round as possible (AMRAP), for time (FT), and every minute on a minute (EMOM)\u2014are prevalent. We aimed to elucidate the immediate impacts on athletes, considering the experience, when performing three workout modalities with matched training loads.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Twenty-five healthy men and women, with at least three months of experience in FFT, were allocated into the Inexperienced group (IG) and Experienced group (EG). The cut point for allocating participant in each group was set at 24 months. All of them participated in three workouts (AMRAP, FT and EMOM) with three days of rest. A double comparison was performed between level of experience (IG and EG) and among kinds of training in rating of perceived exertion (RPE), lactate concentration (LAC), countermovement jump (CMJ), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) using ANOVA and <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic> Bonferroni tests.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Sex was initially analyzed but had no influence, leading to combined group analyses. The workout type significantly impacted performance, with AMRAP showing differences between expertise levels (ES = 0.81, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.044). RPE varied by workout type (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(2,46) = 11.003; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), with EG reporting FT as the most and EMOM as the least demanding. Lactate levels increased across all workouts, with FT showing the highest and EMOM the lowest levels (<jats:italic>ES<\/jats:italic> = 1.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). CMJ performance declined post-AMRAP and FT in both groups, but not after EMOM. No expertise-level differences were found in HRmean or HRmax, but HRV changes were influenced by workout type (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(2,46) = 7.381; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01) and expertise (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(1,23) = 4.657; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.034), with significant decreases in HRV after AMRAP and FT for IG.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The study demonstrates that FT produced greater LAC and RPE as compared to an AMRAP, whereas EMOM generated less neuromuscular fatigue and Lac, particularly in EG. These results underscore the importance of individualizing workout selection to expertise level to optimize performance. Future research should explore longitudinal adaptation to different workout types across diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T08:00:31Z","timestamp":1746000031000},"page":"e19265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acute effect of three functional fitness training designs with equalized load on inexperienced and experienced athletes"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Oliver-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Research Center, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, Elche, Comunidad Valenciana, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid,  Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Garc\u00eda-Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, International University Isabel I of Castilla, Burgos, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Sabido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Research Center, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, Elche, Comunidad Valenciana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2023.03088","article-title":"Effect of lower limb fatigue and performance prediction in CrossFit\u00ae","volume":"23","author":"Banja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1174771","article-title":"The relationship of aerobic capacity, anaerobic peak power and experience to performance in CrossFit exercise","volume":"32","author":"Bellar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biology of Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31816eb518","article-title":"Recovery from training: a brief review","volume":"22","author":"Bishop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-4","volume-title":"Chinese weightlifting: technical mastery and training","author":"Buitrago","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-5","first-page":"3","article-title":"Relative intensity of two types of crossfit exercise: acute circuit and high-intensity interval exercise","volume":"4","author":"Butcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Fitness Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2147\/oajsm.s88265","article-title":"Do physiological measures predict selected CrossFit & reg; benchmark performance?","volume":"6","author":"Butcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2023.05134","article-title":"Training load monitoring and physiological responses to RX CrossFit\u00ae training","volume":"23","author":"Castanheira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-8","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-0037.2020v22e75400","article-title":"Cross modalities: are the AMRAP, RFT and EMOM models applicable to health?","volume":"22","author":"Da\u00a0Silva-Grigoletto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria E Desempenho Humano"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1519\/R-13113.1","article-title":"Monitoring resistance training using the session RPE scale","volume":"18","author":"Day","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899652","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.899652","article-title":"Time course of recovery following CrossFit\u00ae Karen benchmark workout in trained men","volume":"13","author":"De\u00a0Sousa-Neto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9110144","article-title":"Analysis of pacing strategies in amrap, emom, and for time training models during cross modalities","volume":"9","author":"De-Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-020-00704-9","article-title":"Effects of CrossFit training on lipid profiles, body composition and physical fitness in overweight men","volume":"17","author":"Dehghanzadeh\u00a0Suraki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sport Sciences for Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1590\/1517-8692202228042021_0036","article-title":"Training load through heart rate and perceived exertion durin CrossFit\u00ae","volume":"28","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.16.06243-5","article-title":"Perceived demands and postexercise physical dysfunction in CrossFit\u00ae compared to an ACSM based training session","volume":"57","author":"Drum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001519","article-title":"Agreement between a smartphone pulse sensor application and electrocardiography for determining lnRMSSD","volume":"31","author":"Esco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6030076","article-title":"High-intensity functional training (Hift): definition and research implications for improved fitness","volume":"6","author":"Feito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-18","first-page":"114","article-title":"Acute physiological responses during crossfit\u00ae workouts","volume":"35","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Motricidad\u2014European Journal of Human Movement"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2021.102928","article-title":"Physiological responses after two different CrossFit workouts","volume":"39","author":"Forte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology of Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200102000-00019","article-title":"A new approach to monitoring exercise training","volume":"15","author":"Foster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-21","volume-title":"Essentials of strength training and conditioning","author":"Haff","year":"2015","edition":"4"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution theory for glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Statistics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-23","article-title":"A scale of magnitudes for effect statistics: a new view of statistics","author":"Hopkins","year":"2002"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000438","article-title":"Power and impulse applied during push press exercise","volume":"28","author":"Lake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949429","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.949429","article-title":"Quantifying CrossFit\u00ae: potential solutions for monitoring multimodal workloads and identifying training targets","volume":"4","author":"Mangine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8864","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148864","article-title":"Physiological responses at 15 min of recovery after a session of functional fitness training in well-trained athletes","volume":"19","author":"Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-27","first-page":"668","article-title":"Cardiometabolic and muscular fatigue responses to different crossfit\u00ae workouts","volume":"17","author":"Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181855","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181855","article-title":"Muscular fatigue in response to different modalities of CrossFit sessions","volume":"12","author":"Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318058a603","article-title":"Effect of explosive versus slow contractions and exercise intensity on energy expenditure","volume":"39","author":"Mazzetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s42978-022-00169-x","article-title":"Comparison of cardiovascular parameters and internal training load of different 1-h training sessions in non-elite CrossFit\u00ae Athletes","volume":"5","author":"Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191711003","article-title":"Evaluation of body composition in CrossFit\u00ae Athletes and the relation with their results in official training","volume":"19","author":"Menargues-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-32","first-page":"32","article-title":"CrossFit: remember what you have learned; apply what you know","volume":"18","author":"Mullins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Exercise Physiology Online"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-33","first-page":"602","article-title":"Ultra-short-term heart rate variability is sensitive to training effects in team sports players","volume":"14","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v46.93442","article-title":"Summary of the evidence on responses and adaptations derived from CrossFit training. A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Oliver-Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retos"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000288","article-title":"An investigation of motivational variables in CrossFit facilities","volume":"28","author":"Partridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.767947","article-title":"The impact of breathing on HRV measurements: implications for the longitudinal follow-up of athletes","volume":"13","author":"Saboul","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Sport Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/S00421-010-1379-9","article-title":"Evaluation of three portable blood lactate analysers: lactate pro, lactate scout and lactate plus","volume":"109","author":"Tanner","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00260","article-title":"Two consecutive days of extreme conditioning program training affects pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and osteoprotegerin without impairments in muscle power","volume":"7","author":"Tibana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6030068","article-title":"Validity of session rating perceived exertion method for quantifying internal training load during high-intensity functional training","volume":"6","author":"Tibana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk3040060","article-title":"Lactate, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion responses to shorter and longer duration CrossFit\u00ae training sessions","volume":"3","author":"Tibana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9070098","article-title":"Local muscle endurance and strength had strong relationship with CrossFit\u00ae open 2020 in amateur athletes","volume":"9","author":"Tibana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2019.85458","article-title":"48-hour recovery of biochemical parameters and physical performance after two modalities of CrossFit workouts","volume":"36","author":"Tim\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biology of Sport"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060586","article-title":"Comparison of physiological responses and training load between different CrossFit\u00ae workouts with equalized volume in men and women","volume":"11","author":"Toledo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325967114531177","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967114531177","article-title":"Injury rate and patterns among crossfit athletes","volume":"2","author":"Weisenthal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1521","article-title":"Sample size review whitley ball","volume":"6","author":"Whitley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19265\/ref-46","first-page":"443","article-title":"Heart rate variability is a moderating factor in the workload-injury relationship of competitive CrossFit\u2122 athletes","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19265.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19265.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19265.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19265.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T08:00:36Z","timestamp":1746000036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19265","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"article-number":"e19265"}}