{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:04:16Z","timestamp":1791227056743,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The search for novel antimicrobial agents in Endodontics is constant to overcoming persistent infections. <jats:italic>Psidium guajava<\/jats:italic> L. is a medicinal plant little explored in Endodontics. The aim of this study was to produce hydroethanolic extract of <jats:italic>P. guajava<\/jats:italic> L. and to evaluate its phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and antibiofilm action against standard and clinical strains of <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>, and cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on human keratinocyte cultures (HaCaT cells). The findings provide new insights into the potential of <jats:italic>P. guajava<\/jats:italic> as an alternative endodontic antimicrobial agent, contributing to the development of more effective and biocompatible therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>P. guajava<\/jats:italic> hydroethanolic extract was produced using young leaves of guajava and extracted using absolute ethanol and ultrapure water in a ratio (30 g:100 mL). The solid soluble, total flavonoid and total phenols content were determined. The chemical composition was determined <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, then the free radical suppressive activity was assessed by determining the IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value, indicating the concentration required to eliminate 50% of free radicals. Later, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of the extract was evaluated against the strains using clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines (M27-S4 and M7-A9). Then, the antibiofilm activity was evaluated <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the extract was evaluated <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> Alamar Blue assay, and the genotoxicity <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> micronucleus assay on human keratinocyte cultures (HaCaT cells). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s test or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn\u2019s test.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The soluble solids content in the extract was 3.35%. Using the quercetin standard curve, the total flavonoid concentration was 0.130 \u00b1 0.110 mg\/mL. In addition, using standard curve for phenolic acids, the total phenolic concentration was 1.770 \u00b1 1.540 mg\/mL. HPLC analysis revealed peaks of rutin, quercetin and kaempferol as major flavonoids in the <jats:italic>P. guajava<\/jats:italic> L. extract. The extract demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, with an IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value of 10.39 \u00b5g\/mL. The MMC values ranged 1.04\u20138.37 mg\/mL. The extract at 8.37 mg\/mL was effective in reducing the biofilms of standard and clinical strains of <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> after 10 min. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that all tested concentrations exhibited relatively low toxicity toward HaCaT cells. Genotoxicity assessment <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the micronucleus assay indicated minimal DNA damage at all tested concentrations. Overall, <jats:italic>P. guajava<\/jats:italic> L. hydroethanolic extract at 8.37 mg\/mL is the most effective concentration in reducing the biofilm of the standard and clinical strains of <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>, while maintaining biocompatibility with HaCaT cultures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T08:49:12Z","timestamp":1744620552000},"page":"e19301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Psidium guajava<\/i> L. hydroethanolic extract as endodontic irrigant: phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial action and biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-8180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lara Steffany","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral 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Cristina","family":"Marcucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Campus of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Antonio Talge","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, Campus of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-985X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amjad","family":"Abu Hasna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, Campus of 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