{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T12:55:32Z","timestamp":1778936132781,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The khapra beetle, <jats:italic>Trogoderma granarium<\/jats:italic> Everts, 1898, is a significant pest of stored commodities worldwide. Insecticides are heavily relied upon to manage <jats:italic>T. granarium<\/jats:italic>. However, the long-term usage of insecticides has led to the development of resistance to insecticides, reducing their effectiveness against <jats:italic>T. granarium<\/jats:italic>. This study investigated variations in susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl, alpha-cypermethrin and spinetoram in a laboratory and seven field strains of <jats:italic>T. granarium<\/jats:italic>, using dose-mortality bioassays. Metabolic resistance mechanisms were investigated through synergism studies using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and <jats:italic>S,S,S<\/jats:italic>-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). Susceptibility of the laboratory strain was the highest to all insecticides compared to the field strains. For field strains, the LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values ranged from 25.9 to 49.6 mg\/kg grain for pirimiphos-methyl, 15.0 to 40.5 mg\/kg grain for alpha-cypermethrin, and 2.2 to 6.0 mg\/kg grain for spinetoram. Compared to the laboratory strain, field strains of <jats:italic>T.\u00a0granarium<\/jats:italic> exhibited significant resistance ratios ranging from: 19.9 to 38.1 fold against pirimiphos-methyl, 12.3 to 45.0 fold against alpha-cypermethrin, and 7.3 to 20.0 against spinetoram. In synergism bioassays, there was a significant effect of enzyme inhibitors on enhancing suceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl only in field strains, suggesting P450 monooxygenase and esterases may contribute to pirimiphos-methyl resistance. In conclusion, variable susceptibility to insecticides was observed across different strains of <jats:italic>T. granarium<\/jats:italic>. Reduced susceptibility to insecticides in field strains compared to the laboratory strain poses challenges for effective control of <jats:italic>T. granarium<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T08:27:45Z","timestamp":1747124865000},"page":"e19423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Susceptibility and resistance profiles of field and laboratory strains of <i>Trogoderma granarium<\/i> Everts to pirimiphos-methyl, alpha-cypermethrin and spinetoram"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Azhar Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19423\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2019.02.004","article-title":"Detection of phosphine resistance in major stored-product insects in Greece and evaluation of a field resistance test kit","volume":"82","author":"Agrafioti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Stored Products Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19423\/ref-2","first-page":"481","article-title":"Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts): a serious threat to food security and safety","volume":"44","author":"Ahmedani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19423\/ref-3","first-page":"194","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"The pesticide registered with recommendations safe handling and use in 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