{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T01:35:45Z","timestamp":1789263345254,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province Fund","award":["XMMC-NC202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XMMC-NC202202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Alopecia areata is a hair follicle disorder characterized by the development of multiple circular bald patches on the scalp, often accompanied by elevated cytokine production and immune cell infiltration around hair follicles. Our aspiration is to explore whether blood analysis can reveal additional factors that contribute to the disparities between individuals with alopecia areata and those who are healthy. Such research could potentially establish a robust foundation for the advancement of future therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In Fujian, China, we have collected blood samples from a cohort of 28 alopecia areata patients and a control group of 28 healthy individuals for comparative analysis. A detailed assessment of cytokines, eosinophil counts, vitamin levels, and immunoglobulin profiles within these samples was conducted. Subsequently, statistical analysis was applied to elucidate the differences between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While the blood analysis revealed higher average levels of IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1 in alopecia areata patients compared to healthy individuals, these differences were not statistically significant. Similarly, vitamin levels showed no significant variation between the patient and healthy groups. However, the Wilcoxon rank sum test identified a significant increase in IFN-\u03b3 and a significant decrease in immunoglobulin IgG4 levels among alopecia areata patients, pointing to a possible role in the disease\u2019s pathogenesis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis had demonstrated that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for IFN-\u03b3 and IgG4 was 0.656 and 0.704, respectively, suggesting that IFN-\u03b3 and IgG4 had a certain discrimination effect on alopecia areata. Utilizing the Youden index to optimize specificity, we propose that IgG4 levels below 824.85 mg\/L and IFN-\u03b3 levels above 0.565 pg\/mL could serve as biomarkers for assessing the risk of alopecia areata.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings highlight the need for further exploration of the link among alopecia areata, IgG4- and IFN-\u03b3-related mechanisms, potentially uncovering novel therapeutic targets for managing this condition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T08:50:42Z","timestamp":1746607842000},"page":"e19430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unveiling the immune and vitamin profiles of blood: the potential biomarkers for alopecia areata"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jincheng","family":"Ke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China"},{"name":"The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Pei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.316","article-title":"Circadian gene clock regulates psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice","volume":"135","author":"Ando","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22183","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22183","article-title":"Follicular bronchiolitis associated with primary IgG2\/IgG4 deficiency in a previously healthy 40-year-old woman","volume":"14","author":"Assaad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.03.006","article-title":"Evaluation of the level of serum interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-15 and IL-17) and its relationship with disease severity in patients with alopecia areata","volume":"96","author":"A\u015fk\u0131n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2024.2348062","article-title":"Novel investigational drugs for alopecia areata and future perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Chim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00547-7","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of alopecia areata: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Dermatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12994","article-title":"Serum level of interleukin-17A in patients with alopecia areata and its relationship to age","volume":"55","author":"El-Morsy","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.09.008","article-title":"Parental tobacco smoking is associated with augmented IL-13 secretion in children with allergic asthma","volume":"117","author":"Feleszko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23888.x","article-title":"Reduced expression of interleukin-2 decreases the frequency of alopecia areata onset in C3H\/HeJ mice","volume":"125","author":"Freyschmidt-Paul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07377.x","article-title":"Interferon-gamma-deficient mice are resistant to the development of alopecia areata","volume":"155","author":"Freyschmidt-Paul","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12970","article-title":"The profile of cytokines (IL-2, IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-23) in active alopecia areata","volume":"19","author":"Gautam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1233929","article-title":"A case of alopecia as IgG4-related skin disease","volume":"29","author":"Ikeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Modern Rheumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701183","article-title":"Maintenance of hair follicle immune privilege is linked to prevention of NK cell attack","volume":"128","author":"Ito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14129","article-title":"Understanding the significance of cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata","volume":"29","author":"Ito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e404","DOI":"10.5546\/aap.2017.eng.e404","article-title":"Alopecia Areata. Current situation and perspectives","volume":"115","author":"Ju\u00e1rez-Rend\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001992","article-title":"T-cell-driven fibroinflammation inducing follicular dedifferentiation in alopecia areata and IgG4-modified disease","volume":"43","author":"Kossard","year":"2021","journal-title":"The American Journal of Dermatopathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa230","article-title":"Serum IgG4 subclass deficiency defines a distinct, commonly encountered, severe inflammatory bowel disease subtype","volume":"27","author":"Koutroumpakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02052-3","article-title":"The impact of IgG subclass deficiency on the risk of mortality in hospitalized patients with COPD","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955035","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.955035","article-title":"An overview of JAK\/STAT pathways and JAK inhibition in alopecia areata","volume":"13","author":"Lensing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12040109","article-title":"The impact of vitamin deficiencies on oral manifestations in children","volume":"12","author":"Le\u0161i\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dentistry Journal"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35893","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035893","article-title":"NDUFA4L2 is a novel biomarker for colorectal cancer through bioinformatics analysis","volume":"102","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00433-4","article-title":"Association of alopecia areata with vitamin D and calcium levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatology and Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.113632","article-title":"Hirschsprung disease associated with severe cartilage-hair hypoplasia","volume":"138","author":"M\u00e4kitie","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.108102","article-title":"Deficiency of humoral immunity in cartilage-hair hypoplasia","volume":"137","author":"M\u00e4kitie","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1548089","article-title":"IgG4-related respiratory disease","volume":"29","author":"Matsui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Modern Rheumatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031038","article-title":"Lifestyle factors involved in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata","volume":"23","author":"Minokawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.464","article-title":"Lifetime incidence risk of alopecia areata estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990\u20132009","volume":"134","author":"Mirzoyev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.06.010","article-title":"An update on IgG4-related lung disease","volume":"66","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.10284","article-title":"To evaluate the role of interleukin-6 in alopecia areata","volume":"74","author":"Muhammad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.21209","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve: overview and practical use for clinicians","volume":"75","author":"Nahm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14050546","article-title":"The possible roles of IL-4\/IL-13 in the development of eosinophil-predominant severe asthma","volume":"14","author":"Nakagome","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14292-1","article-title":"High fat diet exacerbates murine psoriatic dermatitis by increasing the number of IL-17-producing \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"7","author":"Nakamizo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03884.x","article-title":"Ethanol enhances the IFN-gamma, TGF-alpha and IL-6 secretion in psoriatic co-cultures","volume":"135","author":"Ockenfels","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisp.2020.04.002","article-title":"The evolving pathogenesis of alopecia areata: major open questions","volume":"20","author":"Paus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisp.2017.10.014","article-title":"Hair follicle immune privilege revisited: the key to alopecia areata management","volume":"19","author":"Paus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2024.1685","article-title":"Sudden improvement of alopecia universalis and psoriatic arthritis while receiving upadacitinib: a case-based review","volume":"77","author":"Perricone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.20471\/acc.2023.62.01.25","article-title":"Vitamin D and injuries in dancers: a systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Rakovac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Clinica Croatica"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2019.08.009","article-title":"Review of IgG4-related disease","volume":"42","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Oro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterolog\u00eda y Hepatolog\u00eda"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5204","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105204","article-title":"Daily lifestyle and inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"22","author":"Sawada","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12674","article-title":"Associations between lifestyle factors and hand eczema severity: are tobacco smoking, obesity and stress significantly linked to eczema severity?","volume":"76","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.04.1141","article-title":"Alopecia areata: disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis","volume":"78","author":"Strazzulla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115652","article-title":"Deciphering the complex immunopathogenesis of alopecia areata","volume":"25","author":"\u0160uti\u0107 Udovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.032","article-title":"Alopecia areata profiling shows TH1, TH2, and IL-23 cytokine activation without parallel TH17\/TH22 skewing","volume":"136","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Fari\u00f1as","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000350933","article-title":"Alopecia areata: infiltration of Th17 cells in the dermis, particularly around hair follicles","volume":"226","author":"Tanemura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294236","article-title":"SRplot: a free online platform for data visualization and graphing","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0285-x","article-title":"The role of micronutrients in alopecia areata: a review","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041153","article-title":"Physiological associations between vitamin B deficiency and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.62","article-title":"Diagnostic usefulness of a peribulbar eosinophilic infiltrate in alopecia areata","volume":"150","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-015-1539-1","article-title":"Lesional infiltration of mast cells, Langerhans cells, T cells and local cytokine profiles in alopecia areata","volume":"307","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatological Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.102361","article-title":"Diffuse alopecia areata is associated with intense inflammatory infiltration and CD8+ T cells in hair loss regions and an increase in serum IgE level","volume":"78","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19430\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08883-0","article-title":"Alopecia areata: an update on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19430.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19430.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19430.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19430.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T08:50:47Z","timestamp":1746607847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19430","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"article-number":"e19430"}}