{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:41:20Z","timestamp":1770824480019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Evidence indicates that genetic variations in the <jats:italic>GYP(B-A-B)<\/jats:italic> hybrid genes are associated with protection against malaria. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the <jats:italic>GYP(B-A-B)<\/jats:italic> hybrid alleles among northern Thais, Burmese, and Karen with and without a previous history of malaria infection.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A total of 709 DNA samples were genotyped to identify <jats:italic>GYP(B-A-B)<\/jats:italic> hybrids using PCR-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) combined with Sanger sequencing. Additionally, some DNA samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0243) were also tested with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In our sampled populations, 14\/87 (16.0%), 3\/34 (8.8%), 0\/16 (0%), and 1\/18 (5.6%) of northern Thais, Burmese, Karen, and other minorities in Myanmar with a previous history of malaria infection, respectively, were identified with <jats:italic>GYP(B-A-B)<\/jats:italic> hybrid genes, whereas individuals without a history of malaria infection were 24\/155 (15.5%), 5\/183 (2.6%), and 4\/216 (1.9%) in northern Thais, Burmese, and Karen, respectively. In the latter groups, DNA sequences showed that 17\/155 (11.0%) northern Thais were <jats:italic>GYP*Mur\/GYPB<\/jats:italic> heterozygotes and the other 6\/155 (3.9%) were <jats:italic>GYP*Thai\/GYPB<\/jats:italic> heterozygotes. The remaining one (0.6%) sample was a <jats:italic>GYP*Mur\/GYP*Mur<\/jats:italic> homozygote. Among Burmese, 3\/183 (1.6%) were <jats:italic>GYP*Mur\/GYPB<\/jats:italic> heterozygotes and 1\/183 (0.5%) was <jats:italic>GYP*Thai\/GYPB<\/jats:italic> heterozygote. The remaining one (0.5%) sample being a <jats:italic>GYP*Mur\/GYP*Mur<\/jats:italic> homozygote. Among Karen samples, all four were <jats:italic>GYP*Mur\/GYPB<\/jats:italic> heterozygotes.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Across all studied populations, <jats:italic>GYP*Mur<\/jats:italic> was the predominant allele, followed by <jats:italic>GYP*Thai<\/jats:italic>. In addition, genotyping results obtained by HRM were consistent with PCR-SSP combined with Sanger sequencing. A statistically non-significant association was noted for the glycophorin <jats:italic>GYP(B-A-B)<\/jats:italic> hybrids and malaria infection. Our findings provide insight into genetic variations of <jats:italic>GYP(B-A-B)<\/jats:italic> hybrid alleles among populations in the Thailand-Myanmar border area. This information could be used as a guideline to identify compatible blood products for transfusion and to prevent alloimmunization.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T08:27:03Z","timestamp":1750667223000},"page":"e19589","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frequencies and subtypes of glycophorin <i>GYP(B-A-B)<\/i> hybrids among northern Thais, Burmese, and Karen with a previous history of malaria infection: a study in the Thailand-Myanmar border area"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pornsawan","family":"Srichankhot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arissara","family":"Nakapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anocha","family":"Sukhanpob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panadda","family":"Chapandoong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amonrat","family":"Jumnainsong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanvit","family":"Leelayuwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 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