{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:58:26Z","timestamp":1768474706150,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PNURSP2025R366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2025R366"]}]},{"name":"The Deanship of Scientific Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University through a large group Research Project","award":["RGP2\/342\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/342\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Investigating genetic diversity of maize inbred lines is crucial for enhancing breeding for higher yields, resilience, and ensuring sustainable maize production amidst climate change and the rapidly growing global population. This study aimed to evaluate the phenological attributes, plant stature, ear characteristics, and grain yield of 14 newly developed Egyptian maize inbred lines across three growing seasons under arid conditions in Egypt. Furthermore, the assessment of the genetic diversity among these lines using three molecular marker techniques: start codon targeted (SCoT), conserved DNA-derived polymorphism (CDDP), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). Field evaluation revealed considerable variations in phenological characters including days to tasseling and silking. The earliest maturing lines such as IKA22 demonstrate potential suitability for short growing seasons. Plant and ear heights varied considerably. Taller lines (such as LCM54 and RA28C) potentially offered greater photosynthetic capacity, while shorter lines (such as IKA22, B17AB, and SSK36) may have exhibited improved lodging resistance, especially under adverse weather conditions. Ear diameter and length fluctuated across seasons, with ZBM40A, RA28C, DKCA2, and LZAM7B exhibiting favorable ear length and diameter. The number of rows per ear and kernels per row varied across seasons, with LZAM7B, RA28C and ZBM40A demonstrating the best performance. Grain yield per plant also revealed seasonal variation, with RA28C, ZBM40A, DKCA2, and LZAM7B showing higher yields. The assessed lines were grouped into six categories based on yield-related traits with RA28C demonstrating the best overall performance, followed by ZBM40A, DKCA2, and LZAM7B. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified associations between these lines and yield-related traits, emphasizing their potential as the most promising candidates for improving maize yield. Moreover, heatmap clustering confirmed the genetic potential and divergence of these lines. PCA demonstrated robust associations between grain yield and critical traits such as rows per ear, ear diameter, and kernels per row, emphasizing their importance for indirect selection. Molecular analysis amplified a total of 95 loci, of which 74 were polymorphic, reflecting substantial genetic variability. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 0% to 100%, averaging 72.46%. Genetic distance analysis revealed a range of similarities and dissimilarities among these lines. The closest genetic similarity was observed between LZAM7B and ZBM40A, while the greatest divergence was found between LZAM7B and DKCA2. These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic potential of the studied inbred lines, laying a strong foundation for developing resilient, high-yielding maize hybrids for arid and semi-arid environments. Integrating phenotypic and molecular data provides valuable insights for selecting suitable inbred lines in hybrid maize breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T08:10:26Z","timestamp":1751011826000},"page":"e19598","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unravelling agronomic performance and genetic diversity of newly developed maize inbred lines for arid conditions"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abdallah A.","family":"Hassanin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areej S.","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,  Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehab M.","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Gene Bank (NGB), Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hend","family":"Mandour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsayed","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Kamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed O.","family":"Alshaharni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Fayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alqurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Aljabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorya Abdulrahman","family":"Fallatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diaa","family":"Abd El-Moneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Production (Genetic Branch), Faculty of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Eldomiaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2542-7_3","article-title":"Maize","volume-title":"Cereals and nutraceuticals","author":"Singh","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(93)90013-8","article-title":"Genetic diagnostics in plant breeding: RAPDs, microsatellites and machines","volume":"9","author":"Antoni\u00a0Rafalski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends in Genetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-019-00690-4","article-title":"Conserved DNA-derived polymorphism, new markers for genetic diversity analysis of Tunisian Pistacia vera L","volume":"25","author":"Aouadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118993","article-title":"Evaluation of sugarcane genotypes (Saccharum sp. hybrid) for multi-trait stability analysis across diverse environments","volume":"219","author":"Appunu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Industrial Crops and Products"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3390\/ijpb15030046","article-title":"Plant genetic diversity studies: insights from DNA marker analyses","volume":"15","author":"Bidyananda","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Plant Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.104.025627","article-title":"Evolution of DNA sequence nonhomologies among maize inbreds","volume":"17","author":"Brunner","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11105-008-0060-5","article-title":"Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) polymorphism: a simple, novel DNA marker technique for generating gene-targeted markers in plants","volume":"27","author":"Collard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Molecular Biology Reporter"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.07.015","article-title":"Water productivity under strategic growth stage-based deficit irrigation in maize","volume":"212","author":"Comas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agricultural Water Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2016.07.023","article-title":"Yield potential and yield stability of Argentine maize hybrids over 45 years of breeding","volume":"197","author":"Di\u00a0Matteo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1932409","article-title":"Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species","volume":"26","author":"Dice","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83962-7_18","article-title":"DNA protocols for plants","volume-title":"Molecular techniques in taxonomy","author":"Doyle","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.03.010","article-title":"Heterosis and combining ability for floral and yield characters in rice using cytoplasmic male sterility system","volume":"29","author":"ElShamey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-022-01288-7","article-title":"Global maize production, consumption and trade: trends and R & D implications","volume":"14","author":"Erenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Security"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87021-8","article-title":"Molecular diversity and genetic potential of new maize inbred lines across varying sowing conditions in arid environment","volume":"15","author":"Galal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121609","article-title":"Unraveling genetic variation and inheritance patterns in newly developed maize hybrids for improving late wilt disease resistance and agronomic performance under artificial inoculation conditions","volume":"14","author":"Ghazy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1701_12611278","article-title":"Physiological performance of maize (Zea mays L.) under stress conditions of water deficit and high temperature","volume":"17","author":"Hama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Ecology & Environmental Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.5376\/mpb.2024.15.0020","article-title":"The contribution of exotic varieties to maize genetic improvement","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecular Plant Breeding"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11050898","article-title":"Molecular genetic diversity and line\u00d7 tester analysis for resistance to late wilt disease and grain yield in maize","volume":"11","author":"Kamara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050641","article-title":"Molecular diversity and combining ability in newly developed maize inbred lines under low-nitrogen conditions","volume":"14","author":"Kamara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070952","article-title":"Genetic potential and inheritance patterns of physiological, agronomic and quality traits in bread wheat under normal and water deficit conditions","volume":"11","author":"Kamara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.22161\/ijeab\/2.2.11","article-title":"Maize hybrids yield as affected by inter and intra row spacing","volume":"2","author":"Kandil","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-22","first-page":"680","article-title":"Effect of seed size and shape on grain yield and some ear characteristics of maize","volume":"12","author":"Kara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research on Crops"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12203548","article-title":"Effects of climate change and drought tolerance on maize growth","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s001220100570","article-title":"Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), a new marker system based on a simple pcr reaction: its application to mapping and gene tagging in Brassica","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied Genetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.50908\/arr.4.3_497","article-title":"Impact of climate change on maize yield and response strategies: a review study","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Resources Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0309296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309296","article-title":"Combining ability for agronomic traits among commercial maize hybrids under low and high nitrogen inputs targeting the development of breeding populations","volume":"19","author":"Luz","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4219","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad506","article-title":"Heat stress and sexual reproduction in maize: unveiling the most pivotal factors and the greatest opportunities","volume":"75","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.107206","article-title":"Field responses of barley genotypes across a salinity gradient in an arid Mediterranean environment","volume":"258","author":"Mansour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agricultural Water Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1071\/CP18144","article-title":"Grain yield stability of high-yielding barley genotypes under Egyptian conditions for enhancing resilience to climate change","volume":"69","author":"Mansour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crop and Pasture Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2016.05.0343","article-title":"Gains in maize genetic improvement in Eastern and Southern Africa: I. CIMMYT hybrid breeding pipeline","volume":"57","author":"Masuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crop Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2019.125939","article-title":"The role of the exponential and linear phases of maize (Zea mays L.) ear growth for determination of kernel number and kernel weight","volume":"111","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Agronomy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06109","article-title":"Investigation of the optimum planting dates for maize varieties using a hybrid approach: a case of Hwedza, Zimbabwe","volume":"7","author":"Mugiyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11122541","article-title":"Yield assessment of maize varieties under varied water application in semi-arid conditions of Southern Mozambique","volume":"11","author":"Nhantumbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2022.108733","article-title":"Lodging prevention in cereals: morphological, biochemical, anatomical traits and their molecular mechanisms, management and breeding strategies","volume":"289","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-35","article-title":"PSS for Windows: Base System User\u2019s Guide, Release 6.0","author":"Noru\u0161is","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091187","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of agronomic traits in newly developed maize hybrids grown under different agro-environments","volume":"11","author":"Omar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-012-9227-1","article-title":"Diversity in global maize germplasm: characterization and utilization","volume":"37","author":"Prasanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biosciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01392","article-title":"Molecular breeding for nutritionally enriched maize: status and prospects","volume":"10","author":"Prasanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Genetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.14719\/pst.2164","article-title":"Impact of weather parameters on maize agroecosystem and adaptation strategies under changing climatic conditions: a review: sustainable and climate-resilient adaptation strategies in maize agroecosystem","volume":"10","author":"Rajath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Science Today"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-020-00089-4","article-title":"Advancements in molecular marker technologies and their applications in diversity studies","volume":"45","author":"Ramesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Biosciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12785","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12785","article-title":"Progress in agronomic crops lodging resistance and prevention: a review","volume":"210","author":"Rehman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.12.020","article-title":"Effectiveness of DNA barcoding, SCOT markers and phytochemical characterization in biodiversity assessment of some Zea mays hybrids","volume":"165","author":"Rizk","year":"2024","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25465-X_15","article-title":"Clustering methods","author":"Rokach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Data mining and knowledge discovery handBook"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2022.108471","article-title":"Grain yield and kernel setting of multiple-shoot and\/or multiple-ear maize hybrids","volume":"279","author":"Rotili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394209965.ch11","article-title":"Development of a core set from large germplasm collections in genebank","volume-title":"Bioinformatics for plant research and crop breeding","author":"Ruperao","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-46","first-page":"369","article-title":"Combining ability and genetic components of Egyptian cotton for earliness, yield, and fiber quality traits","volume":"52","author":"Salem","year":"2020","journal-title":"SABRAO Journal of Breeding & Genetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2205780119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205780119","article-title":"Improving the use of plant genetic resources to sustain breeding programs\u2019 efficiency","volume":"120","author":"Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040453","article-title":"Genetic potential of newly developed maize hybrids under different water-availability conditions in an arid environment","volume":"14","author":"Sedhom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63304-4","article-title":"The effect of elevating temperature on the growth and development of reproductive organs and yield of summer maize","volume":"20","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-020-03729-3","article-title":"Crop adaptation to climate change as a consequence of long-term breeding","volume":"134","author":"Snowdon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied Genetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12091412","article-title":"Application Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) and multiplex PCR reactions in resistance breeding of maize (Zea mays L.)","volume":"12","author":"Sobiech","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.17221\/112\/2022-CJGPB","article-title":"Assessment of genetic variation and population structure in Iraqi barley accessions using ISSR, CDDP, and SCoT markers","volume":"59","author":"Tahir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s42976-023-00449-4","article-title":"Variability for kernel starch components in Indian maize germplasm and identification of polymorphic molecular marker for selected waxy maize genotypes","volume":"52","author":"Venadan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereal Research Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020210","article-title":"Post-silking shading stress affects leaf nitrogen metabolism of spring maize in southern China","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12050602","article-title":"Genotype by environment interaction analysis for grain yield and yield components of summer maize hybrids across the huanghuaihai region in China","volume":"12","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030521","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1030521","article-title":"Multi-trait selection for mean performance and stability of maize hybrids in mega-environments delineated using envirotyping techniques","volume":"13","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-06158-w","article-title":"Assessing the role of genotype by environment interaction as determinants of maize grain yield and lodging resistance","volume":"25","author":"Yue","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2022.04.020","article-title":"The relationships between maize (Zea mays L.) lodging resistance and yield formation depend on dry matter allocation to ear and stem","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Crop Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2020.108054","article-title":"Improved post-silking light interception increases yield and P-use efficiency of maize in maize\/soybean relay strip intercropping","volume":"262","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19598\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.109107","article-title":"Enhancing maize yield through understanding the novel shoot-root interaction in morphology among hybrids with dense planting","volume":"302","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19598.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19598.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19598.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19598.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T08:10:30Z","timestamp":1751011830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19598","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"article-number":"e19598"}}