{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:10:37Z","timestamp":1769004637579,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>To investigate the predictive value of combining echocardiography with carotid ultrasound for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among older individuals with coronary artery disease.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A total of 138 elderly individuals diagnosed with coronary artery disease and admitted to our facility from June 2020 to June 2021 were included in this study. These patients were categorized into two groups: a non-MACE group consisting of 84 patients and a MACE group with 54 patients, based on whether they experienced MACE within three years following their discharge. Additionally, a validation cohort of 141 patients was assembled, which was also divided into a non-MACE group with 90 patients and a MACE group with 51 patients. Upon admission, all participants underwent both transthoracic echocardiography and carotid ultrasound assessments. We then conducted a comparative analysis of the ultrasound parameters between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The MACE group had higher left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and Crouse score, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and A-wave velocity (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). LVEDD, IMT, and Crouse score were risk factors for MACE, while LVEF and A value were protective factors against MACE. Derivation area under the curve (AUC) = 0.755; validation AUC = 0.754.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Echocardiography and carotid ultrasound parameters can be used to predict the occurrence of MACE within 3 years in elderly patients with coronary artery disease, and combined detection can effectively improve the accuracy of prediction.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T08:19:12Z","timestamp":1753258752000},"page":"e19688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combining echocardiography with carotid ultrasound parameters in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events among older individuals with coronary artery disease"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tianli","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.08.002","article-title":"New coronary heart disease risk factors","volume":"136","author":"Alpert","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad139","article-title":"Carotid ultrasound and systematic coronary risk assessment 2 in the prediction of cardiovascular events","volume":"30","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0137","article-title":"Percutaneous coronary intervention in stable coronary heart disease\u2014is less more?","volume":"117","author":"Figulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt International"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01017-7","article-title":"Updates on the use of subclinical atherosclerosis to predict risk of cardiovascular events in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"24","author":"Gallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.19-231","article-title":"The impact of sacrubitril\/valsartan on clinical treatment and hs-cTnT and NT-ProBNP serum levels and the left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"61","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12325","article-title":"Total mortality, major adverse cardiac events, and echocardiographic-derived cardiac parameters with fragmented QRS complex","volume":"21","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.14956","article-title":"Carotid artery stenosis and ultrasound vascular indexes predict the coronary revascularization in patients with high cardiovascular risk scheduled for coronary angiography","volume":"77","author":"Haberka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kardiologia Polska"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01644-5","article-title":"Assessment of regional left ventricular myocardial strain in patients with left anterior descending coronary stenosis using computed tomography feature tracking","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053730","article-title":"American heart association\u2019s life\u2019s simple 7: lifestyle recommendations, polygenic risk, and lifetime risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"145","author":"Hasbani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.019","article-title":"Carotid ultrasound and coronary calcium for the prediction of incident cardiac disease in asymptomatic individuals: a further step towards precision medicine especially in women?","volume":"346","author":"Katsiki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2020.100655","article-title":"Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease: epidemiology, Pathology, and Coronary Artery Imaging","volume":"46","author":"Katta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Problems in Cardiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15652","article-title":"Peripheral atherosclerosis evaluation through ultrasound: a promising diagnostic tool for coronary artery disease","volume":"40","author":"Artyszuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e031217","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.031217","article-title":"Varying definitions of carotid intima-media thickness and future cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533108","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1533108","article-title":"Effects of Carotid plaque Crouse score and serum Hcy on the location of white matter hyperintensities","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01035-5","article-title":"Can we mitigate coronary heart disease risk in patients with cancer?","volume":"24","author":"Manohar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.06.003","article-title":"Prediction of heart failure and adverse cardiovascular events in outpatients with coronary artery disease using mitral E\/A ratio in conjunction with e-wave deceleration time: the heart and soul study","volume":"24","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170637","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170637","article-title":"Carotid artery ultrasound texture, cardiovascular risk factors, and subclinical arterial disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"91","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Radiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922095","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.922095","article-title":"Which cardiac parameters best predict the cardiovascular outcomes among patients with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy-induced myocardial injury?","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12729","article-title":"Risk of arrhythmic death in ischemic heart disease: a prospective, controlled, observer-blind risk stratification over 10 years","volume":"47","author":"Pezawas","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65\u2013e90","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jead250","article-title":"The clinical use of stress echocardiography in chronic coronary syndromes and beyond coronary artery disease: a clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the ESC","volume":"25","author":"Picano","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-21","first-page":"404","article-title":"Comparison of effects of taizhi\u2019 an capsule and pravastatin on vascular endothelial function in senile patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"24","author":"Qi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s15006-023-2355-8","article-title":"Secondary prevention for coronary heart disease","volume":"165","author":"Schwinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMW Fortschritte der Medizin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2021.04.002","article-title":"Coronary heart disease risk: low-density lipoprotein and beyond","volume":"32","author":"Shaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-24","first-page":"5498","article-title":"The relationship between the carotid atherosclerosis ultrasound parameters and the cardiac and endothelial functions of coronary heart disease patients","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Translational Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.045","article-title":"Intravascular imaging during percutaneous coronary intervention: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"81","author":"Truesdell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.10.013","article-title":"Automated echocardiographic detection of severe coronary artery disease using artificial intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Upton","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.23330","article-title":"The use of cardiac ultrasound imaging in first-trimester prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases","volume":"51","author":"Ximenes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Ultrasound"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV16005","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium and carotid artery intima media thickness and plaque: clinical use in need of clarification","volume":"24","author":"Zaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820851","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2820851","article-title":"Intracoronary ultrasound imaging combined with traditional chinese medicine nursing applied in the treatment of coronary heart disease patients with phlegm and blood stasis syndrome","volume":"2022","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E470-E477","DOI":"10.59958\/hsf.6681","article-title":"Predictive Value of the Lipoprotein(a) to Prealbumin Ratio and of the NT-proBNP to LVEF ratio for major adverse cardiovascular events following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Heart Surgery Forum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19688\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01535-5","article-title":"Ensemble machine learning approach for screening of coronary heart disease based on echocardiography and risk factors","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19688.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19688.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19688.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19688.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T08:19:16Z","timestamp":1753258756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19688","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"article-number":"e19688"}}