{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:22:25Z","timestamp":1782858145061,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad del Rosario and Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Los Libertadores"},{"name":"The Universidad Nacional de Colombia","award":["QUIPU 202010042199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QUIPU 202010042199"]}]},{"name":"Min-Ciencias through Conv. 937"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the electrical properties of the extracellular fluid in honeybees (<jats:italic>Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic>) and its relationship with different body segments. By characterizing resistance, capacitance, and electrical impedance, aspects such as ionic composition, molecular polarization, and the differential response of live bees to electrical stimuli were evaluated. The results show that electrical characteristics vary significantly depending on the body segment, with the head exhibiting high resistance values and the abdomen displaying high capacitance, reflecting differences in molecular composition and functionality. Additionally, experiments with live bees demonstrated the feasibility of measuring electrical parameters non-invasively, opening new possibilities for monitoring the health of these pollinators under controlled conditions and in natural environments. This work lays the foundation for developing innovative tools in ecological monitoring, the assessment of environmental stressors, and the sustainable management of bee colonies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T08:15:21Z","timestamp":1752740121000},"page":"e19691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrical characteristics of the extracellular fluid in the body segments of <i>Apis mellifera<\/i> bees"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredy","family":"Mesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Los Libertadores, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson","family":"Dussan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Riveros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1, Cundinamarca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.2c00033","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy for monitoring mammalian cells and tissues under different frequency domains: a review","volume":"2","author":"Abasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Measurement Science Au"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ee01091k","article-title":"Electrical-energy storage into chemical-energy carriers by combining or integrating electrochemistry and biology","volume":"17","author":"Angenent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy and Environmental Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22396","article-title":"Adjunctive diagnostic methods for skin cancer detection: a review of electrical impedance-based techniques","volume":"43","author":"Anushree","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106503","article-title":"Metabolomics unveils the influence of dietary phytochemicals on residual pesticide concentrations in honey bees","volume":"152","author":"Ardalani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14171","article-title":"Living electronics: a catalogue of engineered living electronic components","volume":"16","author":"Atkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbial Biotechnology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2022.02.022","article-title":"Extracellular and intracellular components of the impedance of neural tissue","volume":"121","author":"Bedard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28122","article-title":"Marine biological macromolecules as matrix material for biosensor fabrication","author":"Bedi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.129650","article-title":"The plasticity of extracellular fluid homeostasis in insects","volume":"219","author":"Beyenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054658","article-title":"Unraveling the bombus terrestris hemolymph, an indicator of the immune response to microbial infections, through complementary mass spectrometry approaches","volume":"24","author":"Bournonville","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12090798","article-title":"Pollen diet\u2014properties and impact on a bee colony","volume":"12","author":"Bry\u015b","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(85)90051-4","article-title":"Distribution of haemolymph in the honeybee (APIS A~ELJ~IFICA) in relation to season, age and temperature","volume":"31","author":"Crailsheim","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2021.1956375","article-title":"The variability of dielectric permittivity of biological tissues with water content","volume":"36","author":"Di Meo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12020124","article-title":"Electrophysiology read-out tools for brain-on-chip biotechnology","volume":"12","author":"Forro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.07.013","article-title":"Hemolectin expression reveals functional heterogeneity in honey bee (Apis mellifera) hemocytes","volume":"76","author":"G\u00e1bor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/001","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/16\/002","article-title":"Electrical conductivity of tissue at frequencies below 1 MHz","volume":"54","author":"Gabriel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5194\/jsss-6-303-2017","article-title":"Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for biological analysis and food characterization: a review","volume":"6","author":"Grossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7249672","article-title":"Effective permittivity of biological tissue: comparison of theoretical model and experiment","volume":"2017","author":"Gun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mathematical Problems in Engineering"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.04.017","article-title":"Dielectric spectroscopy as a viable biosensing tool for cell and tissue characterization and analysis","volume":"49","author":"Heileman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12300","article-title":"The bioelectrical properties of bone tissue","volume":"6","author":"Heng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal Models and Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11080703","article-title":"Availability of using honeybees as bioindicators of pesticide exposure in the vicinity of agricultural environments in Taiwan","volume":"11","author":"Hung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.06.009","article-title":"Body fluid volumes measurements by impedance: a review of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) methods","volume":"30","author":"Jaffrin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Engineering and Physics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10347","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10347","article-title":"Electrically conductive carbon-based (bio)-nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"8","author":"Jalilinejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering and Translational Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2021.100274","article-title":"Biosensing applications of carbon-based materials","volume":"18","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzac025","article-title":"Impedance of extracellular fluid, volume, and local tissue water can be reliably measured in people with lower limb lymphedema","volume":"102","author":"J\u00f6nsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieae050","article-title":"Hemolymph metabolism of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), response to different supplemental fungi","volume":"24","author":"Kannan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-014-0284-3","article-title":"Metabolism and upper thermal limits of Apis mellifera carnica and A. m. ligustica","volume":"45","author":"Kovac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.17142","article-title":"Low-frequency dielectric properties of biological tissues: a review with some new insights","volume":"41","author":"Kuang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020176","article-title":"Electrical properties tomography: a methodological review","volume":"11","author":"Leijsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185160","article-title":"A review on electrical impedance tomography spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Leitzke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113622","article-title":"Melatonin enhances the antioxidant capacity to rescue the honey bee Apis mellifera from the ecotoxicological effects caused by environmental imidacloprid","volume":"239","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1387719","article-title":"What are the main proteins in the hemolymph of Haemaphysalis flava ticks?","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2021.104237","article-title":"Immunity and physiological changes in adult honey bees (Apis mellifera) infected with Nosema ceranae: the natural colony environment","volume":"131","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2010.10.004","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying insect chill-coma","volume":"57","author":"MacMillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Physiology"},{"issue":"1532","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2456","article-title":"Immune response inhibits associative learning in insects","volume":"270","author":"Mallon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131948","article-title":"Environmental exposures associated with honey bee health","volume":"286","author":"Mayack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075401","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/abc380","article-title":"Assisted laser impedance spectroscopy to probe breast cancer cells","volume":"54","author":"Mesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471740360.ebs0403","article-title":"Electric properties of tissues","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering","author":"Miklav\u010di\u010d","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-39","article-title":"Guideline for the testing of chemical honey bee (Apis mellifera)","author":"OCDE 245","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(92)90092-R","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of the osmolytes in the hemolymph of the larval gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar","volume":"38","author":"Pannabecker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-018-0566-2","article-title":"Morphological and functional characterization of honey bee, Apis mellifera, hemocyte cell communities","volume":"49","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010198","article-title":"The role of dielectrophoresis for cancer diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"14","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14TR01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac7b64","article-title":"Measurement and image-based estimation of dielectric properties of biological tissues-Past, present, and future-Past","volume":"67","author":"Sasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine & Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.5.4.439","article-title":"Capacitive properties of body tissues","author":"Schwan","year":"n.d"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-45","first-page":"339","article-title":"Degradation of honey bees and environmental pollution: a review","volume":"20","author":"Shaher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Archive"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-46","first-page":"15","article-title":"The hemolymph of caterpillars Spodoptera littoralis: physico-chemical properties and ionic composition compared to culture media","volume":"69","author":"Smagghe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pquantelec.2018.10.001","article-title":"Terahertz biophotonics as a tool for studies of dielectric and spectral properties of biological tissues and liquids","volume":"62","author":"Smolyanskaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Progress in Quantum Electronics"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200361297","article-title":"Capacitance cytometry: measuring biological cells one by one","volume":"97","author":"Sohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091121","article-title":"Activities of antioxidant and proteolytic systems and biomarkers in the fat body and hemolymph of young Apis mellifera females","volume":"12","author":"Strachecka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.22085","article-title":"Effect of amino acid enriched diets on hemolymph amino acid composition in honey bees","volume":"115","author":"Tafi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-019-0467-9","article-title":"Analysis of the capacitance of minimally insulated parallel wires implanted in biological tissue","volume":"22","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedical Microdevices"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3199468","article-title":"Enhancing tissue impedance measurements through modeling of fluid flow during viscoelastic relaxation","volume":"70","author":"Veil","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2017.06.001","article-title":"Bumble bee ecophysiology: integrating the changing environment and the organism","volume":"22","author":"Woodard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Insect Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCAS.2021.3075302","article-title":"Electrical impedance tomography for biomedical applications: circuits and systems review","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems"},{"issue":"16\u201317","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201900420","article-title":"Evaluation of electrical characteristics of biological tissue with electrical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"41","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19691\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2021.107773","article-title":"Ambiguity in the interpretation of the low-frequency dielectric properties of biological tissues","volume":"140","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19691.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19691.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19691.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19691.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T08:15:25Z","timestamp":1752740125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19691","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"article-number":"e19691"}}