{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T22:06:12Z","timestamp":1777327572765,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Science Research Program of Hebei Province in 2023","award":["20231741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20231741"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["C201140102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C201140102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Vaginal microecology can reveal the health of the female reproductive tract directly. Female vaginal microecology reflects the state of female reproductive tract health. This study aimed to utilize a variety of female vaginal microecological indicators to comprehensively assess the relationship between the level of vaginal microecological health and\n Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/jats:italic>\n (UU) infection in women.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 408 participants were included in this study, including 144 UU-positive and 264 UU-negative individuals. Clinical information of the participants was collected, and vaginal microecological indicators (cleanliness, hydrogen peroxide (H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), leukocyte esterase (LEU), sialidase (SNA), N-acetyl glucosidase (NAG), and\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -glucuronidase (GUS)) were tested. The measurement data were expressed as mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation (x\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0s), and the comparison of data between groups was performed using a\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test; count data were expressed as the number of cases (percentage) (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n [%]), and the data between groups were compared using the chi-square test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model analyses explored the factors modifying infection with UU.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n UU-positive patients exhibited higher rates of cleanliness positivity, H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n positivity, LEU positivity, SNA positivity, NAG positivity, and GUS compared to UU negative patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) . The univariate logistic regression model found that cleanliness, H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , LEU, SNA, NAG, and GUS were risk factors for UU infection in women (Cleanliness: odds ratio [\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n ] = 4.30, 95% confidence interval [\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n ] [2.79\u20136.63]); H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n :\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n = 9.01, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n [5.33\u201315.23]; LEU:\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n = 1.88, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n [1.22\u20132.91]; s SNA:\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n = 5.53, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n [2.73\u201311.19]; NAG:\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n = 2.41, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n [1.35\u20134.30]; and GUS:\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n = 1.95, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n [1.21\u20133.15]) . The multivariate logistic regression model found that the independent risk factors for UU infection in patients were cleanliness (\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n = 3.00, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n [1.66\u20135.43]) and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n = 7.24, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n [4.19\u201312.51]).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Vaginal cleanliness and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n abnormalities are risk factors for UU infections in women. Therefore, female UU infections can be prevented by maintaining vaginal microecology.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:00:26Z","timestamp":1767600026000},"page":"e19783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The critical relationship between vaginal microecology and\n Ureaplasma urealyticum:<\/i>\n a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"YanHong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Tangshan Fengnan District Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Tangshan Fengnan District Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tangshan, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Food and Drug Inspection Center, Tangshan, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Genetics, Tangshan Maternal and Children Health Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongxue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Tangshan Workers\u2019 Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangshan Maternal and Children Health Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Tangshan Fengnan District Hospital, Tanagshan, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Tangshan Central Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672429","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.672429","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis: what do we currently know?","volume":"11","author":"Abou Chacra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7912","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202211_30143","article-title":"Cytological diagnosis of genital ureaplasma urealyticum and its importance in cervical inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Bender","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0723-4","article-title":"Probiotics and vaginal microecology: fact or fancy?","volume":"19","author":"Buggio","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01751-9","article-title":"Effects of vaginal microecology and immunity on the pregnancy outcome of cervical cerclage","volume":"22","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220100","article-title":"Correlation between postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction and vaginal microecological imbalance in late pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.03.074","article-title":"Chronic endometritis: correlation among hysteroscopic, histologic, and bacteriologic findings in a prospective trial with 2,190 consecutive office hysteroscopies","volume":"89","author":"Cicinelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440400003667","article-title":"Differential vaginal expression of interleukin-1 system cytokines in the presence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant women","volume":"12","author":"Doh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405789","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1405789","article-title":"Analysis of the correlation between cervical HPV infection, cervical lesions and vaginal microecology","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03035-w","article-title":"Functional testing is a complementary tool for the diagnosis of vaginitis","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17455065211009181","DOI":"10.1177\/17455065211009181","article-title":"Cytokine profiles and Lactobacillus species presence in pre-menopausal subjects with genital Mycoplasma genitalium or Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization","volume":"17","author":"Garza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115940","article-title":"Correlations of joint detection of 22 vaginal microbes with routine examination results of vaginal secretions and assisted reproductive outcomes","volume":"106","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.678435","article-title":"Cord blood interleukin-6 and neonatal morbidities among preterm infants with PCR-positive Ureaplasma urealyticum","volume":"25","author":"Hassanein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851485","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/851485","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota of healthy pregnant Mexican women is constituted by four Lactobacillus species and several vaginosis-associated bacteria","volume":"2011","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S273","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.supplement_4.s273","article-title":"The normal vaginal flora, H2O2-producing lactobacilli, and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women","volume":"4","author":"Hillier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14198","article-title":"Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and the vaginal microbiome: a case-control study","volume":"93","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.04.028","article-title":"Deciphering the complex interplay between microbiota, HPV, inflammation and cancer through cervicovaginal metabolic profiling","volume":"44","author":"Ilhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340802572646","article-title":"Quantification of Ureaplasma urealyticum DNA in the amniotic fluid from patients in PTL and pPROM and its relation to inflammatory cytokine levels","volume":"88","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-18","first-page":"726","article-title":"Value of microbial gene 16SrRNA in the identification of antenatal infection","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.35022","article-title":"Association between vaginal micro-environment disorder and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a community based population in China","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12578","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i34.12578","article-title":"Influence of group B streptococcus and vaginal cleanliness on the vaginal microbiome of pregnant women","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Journal of Clinical Cases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20220106","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-AR2022-0106","article-title":"Establishment of pelvic inflammatory disease model induced by vaginal injection of Ureaplasma urealyticum liquids combined with fatigue and hunger","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963868","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.963868","article-title":"The role of probiotics in vaginal health","volume":"12","author":"Mei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12249","article-title":"Deciphering the effect of reproductive tract microbiota on human reproduction","volume":"18","author":"Moreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproductive Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02373","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum infection contributes to the development of pelvic endometriosis through toll-like receptor 2","volume":"10","author":"Noh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81931-z","article-title":"A clinical pilot study on the effect of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TOM 22.8 strain in women with vaginal dysbiosis","volume":"11","author":"Pino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab061","article-title":"Are mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and ureaplasma parvum associated with specific genital symptoms and clinical signs in nonpregnant women?","volume":"73","author":"Plummer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.001","article-title":"Prevalence of ureaplasma spp. and mycoplasma hominis in healthy women and patients with flora alterations","volume":"93","author":"Rumyantseva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959793","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.959793","article-title":"Vaginal microecological characteristics of women in different physiological and pathological period","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2024.230826","article-title":"Analysis of the spectrum of common pathogens and the resistance of mycoplasma in sialidase-positive bacterial vaginosis","volume":"70","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Laboratory"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-006-9072-z","article-title":"Molecular identification of vaginal lactobacilli isolated from Bulgarian women","volume":"90","author":"Stoyancheva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01869-0","article-title":"HPV and vaginal microecological disorders in infertile women: a cross-sectional study in the Chinese population","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S451466","article-title":"The clinical value of systemic immune inflammation index (SII) in predicting the severity of hospitalized children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of General Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15359","article-title":"The role of vaginal microecology in the cervical cancer","volume":"48","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13356","article-title":"Vaginal microecology and its role in human papillomavirus infection and human papillomavirus associated cervical lesions","volume":"132","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.1.105-110.2002","article-title":"Phylogeny-based rapid identification of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas from urethritis patients","volume":"40","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-36","first-page":"825","article-title":"Relationship between cervicovaginal microecological changes and HPV16\/18 infection and cervical cancer in women of childbearing age","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0806-2","article-title":"Difference in vaginal microecology, local immunity and HPV infection among childbearing-age women with different degrees of cervical lesions in Inner Mongolia","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19783\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6079734","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6079734","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners is associated with vaginal dysbiosis in healthy pregnant women: a preliminary study","volume":"2019","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19783.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19783.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19783.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19783.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:00:29Z","timestamp":1767600029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19783","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"article-number":"e19783"}}