{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:31:40Z","timestamp":1788237100753,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2024\/SKK12\/USM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2024\/SKK12\/USM\/03\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R501-LR-RND002-0000000996-0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R501-LR-RND002-0000000996-0000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nipah virus (NiV), a highly lethal RNA virus from the <jats:italic>Paramyxoviridae<\/jats:italic> family, causes severe neurological and respiratory diseases in humans. First identified during the 1990s outbreak in Malaysia, NiV remains a significant global health threat due to the absence of approved vaccines or antiviral treatments. Since its discovery, more than 754 cases have been reported, with a mortality rate exceeding 50%. Despite its classification as a biosafety level 4 pathogen, the molecular mechanisms underlying NiV pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Two surface glycoproteins\u2014the attachment (G) and fusion (F) proteins\u2014play crucial roles in facilitating early stages of cell entry and determining host specificity. While naturally occurring mutations in the G glycoprotein are limited, experimental studies involving engineered mutations have provided critical insights into receptor binding, fusion activation, and immune evasion. This review summarizes current knowledge of these antigenic and mutational findings, highlighting their implications for viral entry and host specificity, and providing valuable insights for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T08:27:57Z","timestamp":1754987277000},"page":"e19835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antigenic and mutational insights into the Nipah virus G glycoprotein: implications for viral entry, host specificity, therapeutics, and vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nur Syafiqah","family":"Mohamad Nasir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin Khairani Muhammad","family":"Ismadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noreafifah","family":"Semail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Alif Syazwani","family":"Wan Alias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nik Mohd Noor","family":"Nik Zuraina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nik Yusnoraini","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,  Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakuan Zainy","family":"Deris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Zulkifli","family":"Salleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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