{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T02:50:21Z","timestamp":1782960621950,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Technology Foundation of Gansu Province","award":["21JR11RA073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JR11RA073"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004775","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24JRRA297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24JRRA297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University","award":["ldyyyn2020-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ldyyyn2020-43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile)<\/jats:italic> is a significant hospital-acquired pathogen that can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In this study, we investigate the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> isolates from a tertiary hospital in Northwest China. We prospectively collected fecal samples from 212 patients with diarrhea between January 2023 and May 2024 at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University. Twenty-five (11.8%, 25\/212) strains of <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> were isolated, and twenty (9.4%, 20\/212) were identified as toxigenic <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> (TCD). The dominant toxin gene profiles were <jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic>+ <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>+ (80%, 20\/25). Furthermore, twelve different sequence types (STs) belonging to three clades were identified, and the most prevalent types were ST3 followed by ST2 and ST35. Toxin variant analysis revealed the presence of eight types of <jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic> variants and seven types of <jats:italic>tcdB<\/jats:italic> variants, most <jats:italic>tcdA\/B<\/jats:italic> variants corresponded to specific ST types. Phylogenetic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) further confirmed the genetic diversity and relationships among isolates. We identified 13 resistance genes, including mutations in <jats:italic>gyrA\/gyrB<\/jats:italic> (96% of strains) and <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic> (72%), conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones and rifamycins, respectively. The study provides valuable insights into the epidemiological and genetic features of <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> in Northwest China, guiding future prevention and control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T08:34:37Z","timestamp":1755246877000},"page":"e19877","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology and genetic characteristics of <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i> isolates in Northwest China"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujuan","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meimei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaming","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19877\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093458","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxin biology","volume":"71","author":"Aktories","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19877\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D517","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz935","article-title":"CARD 2020: antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance 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