{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T19:35:08Z","timestamp":1776454508048,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University","award":["HEA663100106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEA663100106"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N42A660897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A660897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Graduate Scholarship Programme 72nd Anniversary of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Scholarship, Chulalongkorn University"},{"name":"Second Century Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Southeast Asia, most antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data on <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> have been generated at the phenotypic level, while insights into the genetic characteristics of AMR and virulence genes remain limited. This study aimed to further characterize AMR <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates carrying plasmid-associated virulence genes in Thailand and neighboring countries. A total of 366 <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates were collected from pigs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0265), pork (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a069), and humans (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a032) across Thailand, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic, Cambodia, and Myanmar. Overall, 69.40% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0254\/366) were multidrug resistant, including resistance to medically important antimicrobials tigecycline, azithromycin, colistin and ciprofloxacin. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed that five <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Enteritidis ST11 clinical isolates from different patients in different provinces carried IncFIB\/IncFII plasmids with plasmid-associated virulence genes (<jats:italic>spvBCD, pefABCD<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rck<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>mig-5<\/jats:italic>), of which three of them (SA615, SA616 and SA617) additionally harbored IncX1 plasmid carrying <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM-135<\/jats:sub>. Virulence plasmids (pSEVTs) exhibited a close relationship with the pSLT of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium LT2 except for two absent segments (PSLT056-PSLT057-PSLT059 PSLT060-PSLT061-PSLT062-PSLT063-064-ssB-PSLT067) and (<jats:italic>traR-traC-trabI-traW-traU trbC-traN-trbE-traF-traQ-traQ-trbB-traH-traD-traH-traI-traX<\/jats:italic>) as well as two invert regions, R1 (locus tag PSLT001 to <jats:italic>repA2<\/jats:italic>) and R2 (PSLT025 to <jats:italic>finO<\/jats:italic> with deleted <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic>) in pSEVTs. None of the plasmids were horizontally transferred under ampicillin selective pressure. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequence and virulence plasmids revealed the clonal dissemination of the isolates. The co-existence of virulence and resistance plasmids may complicate antibiotic therapy, highlighting the need to monitor plasmid-associated virulence genes alongside AMR genes in surveillance programs for humans and animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T08:07:08Z","timestamp":1756109228000},"page":"e19884","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance and plasmid-associated virulence genes in<i> Salmonella<\/i> isolated from pigs, pork, and humans in border provinces of Thailand and neighboring countries"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Siraphatson","family":"Wetchasirigul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiratchaya","family":"Puangseree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunpetch","family":"Angkititrakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for the Prevention Technology in Livestock, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rangsiya","family":"Prathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Food-borne Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songsak","family":"Srisanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Food-borne Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rungtip","family":"Chuanchuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Food-borne Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19884\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19884\/ref-2","article-title":"FASTQC. 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