{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:31:21Z","timestamp":1778272281907,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education-Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2015\/WAB05\/UMT\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2015\/WAB05\/UMT\/02\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the spatial and seasonal variations in CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> emissions from the Kenyir hydropower reservoir and its downstream Terengganu River system in Malaysia. Understanding these variations is crucial for assessing whether the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget for this aquatic continuum significantly contributes to global emissions. Malaysia\u2019s distinct monsoonal climate presents a unique opportunity to explore the influence of seasonal hydrological changes on GHG emission dynamics in inland waters. Five sampling campaigns were performed at the reservoir to investigate this, involving three longitudinal surveys from the reservoir downstream along the Terengganu River, and two time-series samplings at the estuary between November 2017 and August 2019. Our findings reveal that GHG emissions from the Kenyir Reservoir are notably higher during the wet season (97 mmol CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and 2 mmol CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) than during the dry season (54 mmol CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and 0.8 mmol CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> d<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). This increase coincides with increased wind speed and potential surface mixing during the wet season. Despite operating since 1985, the Kenyir Reservoir\u2019s total GHG emissions remain high compared to other global reservoirs, likely due to its tropical location and high organic carbon content. Elevated GHG emissions were recorded along the Terengganu River, near the dam discharge outlets, with gradual reductions observed downstream. Despite the estuary\u2019s smaller surface area, more GHGs are emitted there than in the river. Overall, the Terengganu River catchment emits approximately 572 Gg CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-equivalent annually, with the Kenyir Reservoir accounting for the majority (94%). The river and the estuary contribute 0.5% and 5.5%, respectively. This study highlights the substantial role of tropical hydropower reservoirs and their downstream river networks in the global GHG budget, emphasizing the need for further investigation into the factors influencing GHG dynamics in tropical river systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T08:11:18Z","timestamp":1756887078000},"page":"e19929","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An assessment of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and CH<sub>4<\/sub> emissions in a tropical river: from the Kenyir Reservoir to the estuary"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daryl Jia Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu,  Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siti Farhain","family":"Mohd Ludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu,  Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei Wen","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Studies, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanograhy, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seng Chee","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu,  Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia 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