{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:42:55Z","timestamp":1782700975020,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Youth Science Foundation of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2020NKYJJ09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020NKYJJ09"]}]},{"name":"The Hubei Provincial Innovation Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies","award":["2021-620-000-001-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-620-000-001-013"]}]},{"name":"The Youth Science Foundation of Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2021ZTSQJ04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZTSQJ04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Echinochloa crus-galli<\/jats:italic> is a grass weed that infests rice fields and causes significant crop yield losses. In this study, we surveyed 15 resistant <jats:italic>E. crus-galli<\/jats:italic> populations collected from rice fields in Hubei Province, China, and investigated the resistance levels and target site resistance mechanisms to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor penoxsulam. The results of whole-plant bioassay experiments revealed that 15 populations presented different levels of resistance to penoxsulam. The Trp-574-Leu mutation was detected in ten resistant populations, and the Pro-197-Leu mutation was detected in one resistant population. Additionally, the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> ALS activity in resistant populations (18-ETF, 18-WJJ, and 18-WMJ) was 51.28-, 5.51-, and 8.46-fold greater than that in the susceptible population. The ALS from these resistant populations requires a much higher penoxsulam concentration for activity inhibition. <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic> gene expression in three resistant populations (18-ETF, 18-WJJ, and 18-WMJ) was 1.53-, 1.58-, and 1.41-fold greater than that in the susceptible population 18-NJ before penoxsulam treatment. Our results indicated that target-site mutation in <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic> is at least partially responsible for barnyardgrass resistance to penoxsulam in Hubei Province.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:26:01Z","timestamp":1757319961000},"page":"e19973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of the resistance level and target site resistance mechanisms of <i>Echinochloa crus-galli<\/i> to penoxsulam from Hubei Province, China"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qiongnan","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan,  Hubei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect 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