{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:43:56Z","timestamp":1793364236176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sport Training of General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024YDXL001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YDXL001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In basketball, fatigue is a prevalent physiological state that significantly influences shooting mechanics. This study discusses the difference of kinematic parameters of mid-range and long-range basketball players before and after the onset of fatigue, providing a comprehensive analysis of how fatigue affects shooting performance at these distances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study involved 12 collegiate male basketball players of at least level I athlete status. Blood lactate levels, subjective exercise fatigue scores, and heart rate variability were used as indices for assessing fatigue. Kinematic data during basketball shooting were collected by inertia motion capture system (Xsens technologies BV, The Netherlands) and a high-speed camera (Sony, Tokyo, Japan). Differences in kinematic parameters between pre- and fatigue conditions during middle and long-range shooting were analyzed using a paired sample T-test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After fatigue, the shooting percentage of middle distance had no significant decrease compared with that before fatigue (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05), while the shooting percentage of long distance had a significant decrease (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In the fatigue state, significant decreases in the angular velocity of the wrist (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and elbow (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) were recorded, while an increase was noted in the knee joint\u2019s angular velocity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). For long-range shots, there was a significant reduction in wrist angular velocity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), with marked increases in the angular velocities of the ankle (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), knee (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), and elbow (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fatigue has no significant effect on the shooting percentages for mid-range jump shots among elite collegiate athletes; however, it substantially reduced the success rate of long-range jump shots. This decline in performance led to reductions in both the shooting angle and incident angle, as well as the extension of shooting time. Fatigue can compromise the effectiveness of force transfer from the lower to upper extremities. Long-distance shooting requires exceptional lower limb explosive power and precise neuromuscular synchronization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T08:24:21Z","timestamp":1757665461000},"page":"e19983","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effects of repeated sprints on mid-range and three-point jump shot biomechanics in elite basketball players"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shuairan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jielin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Shenzhen University of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cf7510","article-title":"Positional role and competitive-level differences in elite-level men\u2019s basketball players","volume":"24","author":"Abdelkrim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research\/National Strength & Conditioning Association"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.032318","article-title":"Time-motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition *commentary","volume":"41","author":"Abdelkrim","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00075","article-title":"Effect of heart rate on basketball three-point shot accuracy","volume":"9","author":"Ardig\u00f2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.26450\/jshsr.1635","article-title":"The effect of fatigue on shooting performance in young basketball players","volume":"6","author":"Aydemi\u0307","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Humanities Sciences Research (Jshsr)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.032318","article-title":"Time-motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition","volume":"41","author":"Ben\u00a0Abdelkrim","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12030063","article-title":"Basketball fatigue impact on kinematic parameters and 3-point shooting accuracy: insights across players\u2019 positions and cardiorespiratory fitness associations of high-level players","volume":"12","author":"Bourdas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2021-0019","article-title":"Variation in lower limb power and three point shot performance following repeated sprints: one vs. five changes of direction in male basketball players","volume":"77","author":"Brini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819081","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.819081","article-title":"Mental fatigue and basketball performance: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.37190\/ABB-02205-2023-04","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of the basketball jump shot with increasing shooting distance: comparison between experienced and non-experienced players","volume":"25","author":"Caseiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.02.013","article-title":"The Yo\u2013Yo intermittent recovery test in basketball players","volume":"11","author":"Castagna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.045377","article-title":"Concurrent inspiratory muscle and cardiovascular training differentially improves both perceptions of effort and 5,000 m running performance compared with cardiovascular training alone","volume":"42","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-12","first-page":"111","article-title":"A kinematic comparison of the male and female two-point and three-point jump shots in basketball","volume":"24","author":"Elliott","year":"1992","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-13","first-page":"7","article-title":"A kinematic and kinetic analysis of the female two point and three point jump shots in basketball","volume":"21","author":"Elliott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181a07a27","article-title":"Impact of fatigue on the position of the release arm and shoulder gird le over a longer shooting distance for an elite basketball player","volume":"23","author":"Erculj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063283","article-title":"The jump shot performance in youth basketball: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2165\/11590550-000000000-00000","article-title":"Repeated-sprint ability\u2014part I: factors contributing to fatigue","volume":"41","author":"Girard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Medicine (Auckland, Nz)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001882","article-title":"Comparing performance during morning vs. afternoon training sessions in intercollegiate basketball players","volume":"31","author":"Heishman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.06.014","article-title":"Kinetic chain of overarm throwing in terms of joint rotations revealed by induced acceleration analysis","volume":"41","author":"Hirashima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1985.10608445","article-title":"Prediction of basketball skill using biomechanical variables","volume":"56","author":"Hudson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2024.12321","article-title":"Artificial intelligence enhanced kinematic analysis of basketball free throws","volume":"24","author":"Karlik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9582","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209582","article-title":"Influence of fatigue and defensive pressure on three-point jump-shot kinematics in basketball","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020700","article-title":"Influence of fatigue on some kinematic parameters of basketball passing","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2021.1945878","article-title":"Does fatigue affect the kinematics of shooting in female basketball?","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435810","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1435810","article-title":"Changes in shooting accuracy among basketball players under fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.26582\/k.53.2.12","article-title":"The effect of fatigue on kinematics and kinetics of basketball dribbling with changes of direction","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4250","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4250","article-title":"Different intensities of basketball drills affect jump shot accuracy of expert and junior players","volume":"6","author":"Marcolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419308729998","article-title":"The effects of increased shooting distance in the basketball jump shot","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419608727708","article-title":"The relationship between basketball shooting kinematics, distance and playing position","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.487872","article-title":"Coordination-variability and kinematics of misses versus swishes of basketball free throws","volume":"28","author":"Mullineaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-30","first-page":"231","article-title":"Increased distance of shooting on basketball jump shot","volume":"11","author":"Okazaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2015.1052541","article-title":"A review on the basketball jump shot","volume":"14","author":"Okazaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01065","article-title":"The effect of heart rate on jump-shot accuracy of adolescent basketball players","volume":"9","author":"Padulo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2409555","article-title":"Match-related fatigue in basketball: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Pernigoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001577","article-title":"Physical and physiological demands of experienced male basketball players during a competitive game","volume":"31","author":"Puente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010343","article-title":"Effects of combined plyometric and shooting training on the biomechanical characteristics during the made jump shot in young male basketball players","volume":"20","author":"Radenkovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-36","first-page":"102","article-title":"The impact of progressive physiological loads on angular velocities during shooting in basketball-case study","volume":"14","author":"Rup\u010di\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Kinesiologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2014.93.03","article-title":"Development of the Basketball Exercise Simulation Test: A match-specific basketball fitness test","volume":"9","author":"Scanlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.12.008","article-title":"The physiological and activity demands experienced by Australian female basketball players during competition","volume":"15","author":"Scanlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03144-z","article-title":"MultiSenseBadminton: wearable sensor-based biomechanical dataset for evaluation of badminton performance","volume":"11","author":"Seong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0794-z","article-title":"The activity demands and physiological responses encountered during basketball match-play: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Stojanovi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Medicine (Auckland, Nz)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2018-0015","article-title":"Landing kinematics, sports performance, and isokinetic strength in adolescent male volleyball athletes: influence of core training","volume":"29","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-42","first-page":"276","article-title":"The kinematic analysis of basketball three point shoot after high intensity program","author":"Tsai","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-010-0019-0","article-title":"The effect of fatigue on the kinematics of free throw shooting in basketball","volume":"24","author":"Uygur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18030934","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of 2-point and 3-point jump shot of elite young male and female basketball players","volume":"18","author":"Venc\u00farik","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.19983\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108606","article-title":"Quantifying the effects of ice hockey upper body pads on mobility and comfort","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IScience"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19983.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19983.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19983.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19983.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T08:24:23Z","timestamp":1757665463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/19983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.19983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19983","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"article-number":"e19983"}}