{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:01:07Z","timestamp":1778342467103,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the Portuguese state Budget","award":["UIDB\/PSI\/01662\/2020, PTDC\/PSI-ESP\/1243\/2021, 2023.14679.PEX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/PSI\/01662\/2020, PTDC\/PSI-ESP\/1243\/2021, 2023.14679.PEX"]}]},{"name":"Rui Rodrigues was supported by FCT","award":["2021.05276.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05276.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Alcohol is the most prevalent psychoactive substance consumed around the world. In Portugal, alcohol consumption is deeply embedded in social and cultural practices, contributing to high prevalence rates among university students, with binge drinking emerging as a predominant consumption pattern. Despite the associations between this drinking behaviour and numerous social, physical, and psychological problems, research on alcohol consumption in Portuguese university populations remains limited. Thus, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive description of alcohol use patterns among a large sample of Portuguese university students, focusing on adolescents and young adults.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 1,746 students, aged 17\u201324 years, participated in a cross-sectional study and were surveyed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and additional questionnaires regarding socio-demographic information, alcohol and illicit drug use, smoking habits, and alcohol cravings. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, group comparisons, and multinomial logistic regressions to obtain odds ratios (ORs) for group membership.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Alcohol consumption was reported by 83.2% of students over the past year. Based on their drinking patterns and AUDIT score, participants were distributed across five drinking groups: Abstainers (16.8%), Moderate Drinkers (35.1%), Hazardous Drinkers (25.8%), Binge Drinkers (20.8%), and Dependent Drinkers (1.5%). Nearly 47% of students revealed harmful drinking patterns, and 1.5% exhibited symptoms of alcohol dependence. A progressive increase in the severity of alcohol consumption characteristics was observed across the groups, with Dependent Drinkers reporting the highest levels of all assessed characteristics. Significant predictors of group membership included polydrug use, standard weekly consumption, earlier drinking onset, and higher levels of alcohol craving. Polydrug use, reported by 27.3% of students, was the strongest predictor for being a Hazardous Drinker (OR = 10.75), Binge Drinker (OR = 13.20), and Dependent Drinker (OR = 21.40). Binge Drinkers displayed standard weekly consumption and craving levels comparable to Dependent Drinkers, while Moderate Drinkers exhibited the least risky patterns among drinkers, including a later age of onset of drinking. Male students reported significantly greater consumption and craving levels than their female peers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study highlights the prevalence of harmful drinking behaviours among Portuguese university students and identifies critical risk factors, such as polydrug use and early drinking onset. These findings underscore the need for prevention programmes focused on delaying the onset of alcohol use, reducing drug use, and promoting healthier behaviours within academic settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T08:37:56Z","timestamp":1758703076000},"page":"e20026","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From Abstainers to Dependent Drinkers: alcohol consumption patterns and risk factors among Portuguese university students"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5861-4093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucas","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Crego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3546-2120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Almeida-Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-1726","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Caneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20026\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29311-y","article-title":"Binge drinking among adolescents is related to the development of alcohol use disorders: results from a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Addolorato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20026\/ref-2","volume-title":"Consumption and lifestyles in higher education: the case of ULisboa students\u2009-\u20092012","author":"Alc\u00e2ntara da Silva","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20026\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102537","article-title":"Electroencephalographic signatures of the binge drinking pattern during adolescence and young adulthood: a PRISMA-driven systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Almeida-Antunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20026\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1134118","article-title":"A new statistical model for binge drinking pattern classification in college-student populations","volume":"14","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20026\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.37885\/200500219","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol consumption patterns in emerging adults. 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