{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:14:59Z","timestamp":1792080899187,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R501-LR-RND002-0000000343-0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R501-LR-RND002-0000000343-0000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of a newly formulated <jats:italic>Andrographis paniculata<\/jats:italic> intimate wash in comparison with commercial brands (SebaMed<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, Sumber Ayu, Lactacyd<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, and Good Virtue &amp; Co.) against vaginal pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of each formulation was tested against <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic> was tested to ensure the formulations did not inhibit normal vaginal flora.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The broth microdilution method was used to assess antimicrobial efficacy by calculating the percentage of microbial inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for <jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic> and commercial intimate washes against the tested pathogens, except for <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>, due to the inability to observe turbidity. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated for the <jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic> intimate wash against the same pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The <jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic> intimate wash showed the highest percentage of microbial inhibition across all tested pathogens. It also recorded MIC and MBC values of 3.125 mg\/ml against <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>. Among commercial products, SebaMed<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial effect against <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> at the same MIC concentration. The study concluded that the <jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic> intimate wash is a potentially effective treatment for selected vaginal pathogens at higher concentrations and may promote the growth of <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>. SebaMed<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, a clinically established product, also exhibited notable antimicrobial properties. However, further <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and assess toxicity. The study highlights the need for continued research into the potential of herbal intimate washes for treating vaginal infections.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T08:28:02Z","timestamp":1760084882000},"page":"e20144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial activity of <i>Andrographis paniculata<\/i> intimate wash and commercial formulations against vaginal pathogens using the broth microdilution method"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nur Rina Alissa","family":"Razian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuan Noorkorina","family":"Tuan Kub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical 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