{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:35:38Z","timestamp":1785839738246,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Shandong Sports Science Research Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis aimed to explore the effects of multi-component exercise interventions on glycemic and lipid metabolism, physical fitness, and cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From inception to December 28, 2024, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Elsevier databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating multi-component exercise interventions for T2DM. A total of 37 articles, comprising 3,201 participants, were included. Primary and secondary outcome measures were categorized, summarized, and analyzed using RevMan 5.4 software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to control groups, multi-component exercise interventions produced statistically significant improvements across all measured outcomes in individuals with T2DM: (1) Glycemic control: HbA1c (standard mean difference (SMD) = \u22120.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) [\u22120.76 to \u22120.28]); fasting blood glucose (SMD = \u22120.53, 95% CI [\u22120.93 to \u22120.12]). (2) Lipid metabolism: high density lipoprotein (HDL) (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI [0.21\u20130.44]); low density lipoprotein (LDL) (SMD = \u22120.21, 95% CI [\u22120.33 to \u22120.09]); triglycerides (SMD = \u22120.18, 95% CI [\u22120.30 to \u22120.06]). (3) Physical fitness: upper limb strength (SMD = 0.67, 95% CI [0.51\u20130.83]); lower limb strength (SMD = 0.56, 95% CI [0.10\u20131.02]); peak oxygen consumption (SMD = 0.62, 95% CI [0.31\u20130.93]); body mass index (BMI) (SMD = \u22120.38, 95% CI [\u22120.67 to \u22120.09]). (4) Cognitive function: overall cognitive performance (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI [0.18\u20130.50]). (5) Quality of life: vitality (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI [0.09\u20130.64]); physical functioning (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI [0.20\u20130.75]); mental health (SMD = 0.35, 95% CI [0.07\u20130.63]); general health (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI [0.06\u20130.61]). Quality assessment indicated that the included studies were of high overall quality. Egger\u2019s regression analysis did not reveal significant publication bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multi-component exercise interventions significantly improved glycemic and lipid metabolism, physical fitness, and cognitive function in individuals with T2DM. These findings support the clinical value of incorporating multi-component exercise programs\u2014particularly those performed at least three times per week and lasting 6 months or longer\u2014into diabetes management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T08:09:01Z","timestamp":1763626141000},"page":"e20146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effectiveness of multi-component exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Sports Science, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China"},{"name":"College of Sport Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 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