{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:28:23Z","timestamp":1784676503422,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ongoing Researchers Funding Program","award":["ORF-2025-878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2025-878"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The fabrication of novel nanomedicines in the pursuit of alternative therapeutics has increasingly embraced eco-friendly strategies. This study reports the phytogenic synthesis of bimetallic silver-manganese nanoparticles (Ag\/MnNPs) through bio-reduction using non-toxic extract from aerial part of\n                    <jats:italic>Euphorbia cactus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a sustainable and environmentally benign reducing and stabilizing agent. Advanced spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques were applied to elucidate the physico-chemical features of green synthesized\n                    <jats:italic>Euphorbia cactus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated Ag\/MnNPs (EC-Ag\/MnNPs). The formed EC-Ag\/MnNPs were predominantly spherical and uniform, with an average size of 18.32 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the existence of multiple functional groups, indicating the involvement of\n                    <jats:italic>Euphorbia cactus<\/jats:italic>\n                    phytoconstituents in the synthesis, reduction and stabilization of EC-Ag\/MnNPS. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) estimation confirmed the elemental composition, showing 43.62% of silver and 18.71% manganese content. Both biogenic bimetallic EC-Ag\/MnNPs and\n                    <jats:italic>Euphorbia cactus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EC) extract exhibited excellent antimicrobial and scavenging potential. The bimetallic EC-Ag\/MnNPs exerted superior antibacterial efficacy, with maximum inhibition zones of 38.15 \u00b1\u00a00.32 mm against\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 36.81\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.51 mm against\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella Typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . EC-Ag\/MnNPs also showed remarkable antifungal efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    (35.10 \u00b1\u00a00.39 mm) and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (33.82 \u00b1\u00a00.97 mm). Additionally, the biosynthesized EC-Ag\/MnNPs showed strong, dose-dependent antioxidant activity, achieving a maximum scavenging efficiency of 96.12% at a concentration of 80 \u00b5g\/mL. The results demonstrated significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of green-synthesized EC-Ag\/MnNPs, underscoring their potential application in antimicrobial formulations and enhancement of medical device functionality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T08:37:53Z","timestamp":1761554273000},"page":"e20244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antimicrobial and scavenging potential of green synthesized silver\/manganese bimetallic nanoparticles using\n                    <i>Euphorbia cactus<\/i>\n                    extract"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gadah A.","family":"Al-Hamoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musarat","family":"Amina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal M.","family":"Al-Musayeib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiah","family":"Alhabardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsin Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, Inaya Medical College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, Inaya Medical College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20244\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11060811","article-title":"Euphocactoside, a new megastigmane glycoside from Euphorbia cactus growing in Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Aati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20244\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13111576","article-title":"Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their energy storage, environmental, and biomedical applications","volume":"13","author":"Abuzeid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20244\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55905-w","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, HPLC analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of Euphorbia parviflora L. 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