{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T08:48:03Z","timestamp":1763110083590,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Taiwan","award":["113AS-6.5.1-AI-01, 114AS-6.4.1-AI-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113AS-6.5.1-AI-01, 114AS-6.4.1-AI-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding the foraging ecology of marine predators is essential for ecosystem-based fisheries management. This study examined the diet of the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (\n                    <jats:italic>Scomberomorus commerson<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the Central Taiwan Strait using stomach content and stable isotope analyses integrated with an isotopic mixing model. A total of 1,733 specimens were collected between January 2017 and March 2022. Stomach content analysis revealed that 79.8% had empty stomachs, while the remainder mainly contained semi-digested fish remains. Among identifiable prey, composition varied by size and season.\n                    <jats:italic>Sardinella lemuru<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Decapterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and\n                    <jats:italic>Trichiurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. dominated the diet of smaller individuals, while larger fish primarily consumed\n                    <jats:italic>Decapterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Mene maculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>Sardinella lemuru<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Trichiurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were more abundant in summer and autumn\u2013winter, respectively. In the meanwhile,\n                    <jats:italic>Decapterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. remained important year-round. Isotopic analysis further revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Sardinella lemuru<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Etrumeus micropus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Decapterus macarellus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Penaeidae (\n                    <jats:italic>Metapenaeopsis barbata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were dominant prey in smaller size classes, while\n                    <jats:italic>Encrasicholina punctifer<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>D. macarellus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Evynnis cardinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Trichiurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Uroteuthis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were prevalent in intermediate and larger individuals. The estimated trophic position (3.8\u20134.3; mean = 4.0) confirms that\n                    <jats:italic>S. commerson<\/jats:italic>\n                    functions as a top predator with opportunistic feeding behavior. These findings improve understanding of regional trophic dynamics and support sustainable fisheries management in the Central Taiwan Strait.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T08:44:04Z","timestamp":1763109844000},"page":"e20350","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feeding ecology and trophic interactions of the narrow-barred Spanish Mackerel (\n                    <i>Scomberomorus commerson<\/i>\n                    ) in the Central Taiwan Strait"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Li Chi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Offshore Fishery Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia Shin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Offshore Fishery Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Chang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Offshore Fishery Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen Hung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tungkang Aquaculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Pingtung City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinn Shing","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Offshore Fishery Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsing Han","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Offshore Fishery Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi Shu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Offshore Fishery Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20350\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0829-5","article-title":"Interspecific and nutrient-dependent variations in stable isotope fractionation: experimental studies simulating pelagic multitrophic 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