{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:57:18Z","timestamp":1791215838124,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007684","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0125U001860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0125U001860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The problem of toxic pollution of the environment by combustion products of explosives and rocket fuel is becoming increasingly important in the context of intensified military operations. In this study, the toxicity of TNT derivatives, hydrazine-based compounds, and nitroaromatic transformation products related to explosive and rocket fuel contamination was evaluated using the model organisms\n                    <jats:italic>Tenebrio molitor<\/jats:italic>\n                    Linnaeus, 1758 and\n                    <jats:italic>Opatrum sabulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Linnaeus, 1761). We chose hydrazine derivatives, nitroanilines, benzene and naphthalene-based nitro compounds that can persist in the ground, water and atmosphere after explosions or incomplete combustion of rocket fuel. Topical dispersion was used to evaluate exposure of specified doses on the surface of containers containing larvae and imagoes of\n                    <jats:italic>T. molitor<\/jats:italic>\n                    and imagoes of\n                    <jats:italic>O. sabulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , followed by lethality counts and LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    determination. The results indicate the high sensitivity of\n                    <jats:italic>T. molitor<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae and imagoes and\n                    <jats:italic>O. sabulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    imagoes to TNT derivatives, hydrazine compounds, and nitroaromatic contaminants commonly found in explosive-contaminated environments, which confirms the feasibility of introducing ecotoxicological monitoring of military-technological impact zones. The systematic toxicity assessment of these 29 explosive-related compounds provides essential baseline data for environmental risk modeling and ecotoxicological monitoring programs. The data obtained can be used for further modeling of environmental risk and development of bioindicator approaches to detect pollution as a result of military operations, for example, in Ukraine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:00:21Z","timestamp":1770278421000},"page":"e20427","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acute toxicity of TNT derivatives and hydrazine-based compounds from explosive and rocket fuel contamination to darkling beetles (\n                    <i>Tenebrio molitor<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Opatrum sabulosum<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Denis F.","family":"Rybalka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Ecology, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor V.","family":"Brygadyrenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Ecology, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine"},{"name":"Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Dnipro, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103082","article-title":"Metabolic activation of 2 4, 6-trinitrotoluene: a case for ROS-induced cell damage","volume":"72","author":"Adomako-Bonsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace10070643","article-title":"Review of alternative sustainable fuels for hybrid rocket propulsion","volume":"10","author":"Barato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aerospace"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582441","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2025.1582441","article-title":"Depuration kinetics of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites in exposed blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.)","volume":"12","author":"Binder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294183","article-title":"Sample size requirements for estimating Pearson, Kendall and Spearman correlations","volume":"65","author":"Bonett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032296","article-title":"Tenebrio molitor as a simple and cheap preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicity model","volume":"24","author":"Brai","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9002","DOI":"10.3390\/su12219002","article-title":"Soil contamination in areas impacted by military activities: a critical review","volume":"12","author":"Broomandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.481.7015","article-title":"Trophic relations of Opatrum sabulosum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) with leaves of cultivated and uncultivated species of herbaceous plants under laboratory conditions","volume":"481","author":"Brygadyrenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieaa041","article-title":"Oral and topical insecticide response bioassays and associated statistical analyses used commonly in veterinary and medical entomology","volume":"20","author":"Burgess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115628","article-title":"Temperature and moisture alter organic matter composition across soil fractions","volume":"409","author":"Cates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.06.008","article-title":"Common explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) and their fate in the environment: Emphasizing bioremediation","volume":"184","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2307\/3283608","article-title":"Developmental niche structure in the gregarine assemblage parasitizing Tenebrio molitor","volume":"79","author":"Clopton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2307\/3283484","article-title":"Host stadium specificity in the gregarine assemblage parasitizing Tenebrio molitor","volume":"78","author":"Clopton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12040249","article-title":"Review of explosive contamination and bioremediation: insights from microbial and bio-omic approaches","volume":"12","author":"Corredor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2020.901.298","article-title":"Bioassay studies for testing toxicity of novel insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera","volume":"9","author":"Dash","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0197-2_4","article-title":"Interspecies correlations for predicting the acute toxicity of xenobiotics","volume-title":"Ecotoxicology modeling","author":"Devillers","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9","volume-title":"An introduction to the bootstrap","author":"Efron","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-17","volume-title":"Probit analysis: a statistical treatment of the sigmoid response curve","author":"Finney","year":"1947"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-021-10220-4","article-title":"Chemical kinetics of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) degradation in wastewater by -OH radical","volume":"42","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2478\/v10117-011-0021-1","article-title":"Comparison of values of Pearson\u2019s and Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficients on the same sets of data","volume":"30","author":"Hauke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quaestiones Geographicae"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550050403","article-title":"A comparison of the acute toxicity of chemicals to fish, rats and mice","volume":"5","author":"Hodson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Toxicology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10090394","article-title":"Products and mechanistic investigations on the reactions of hydrazines with ozone in gas-phase","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-044894-7.01352-X","article-title":"Nonlinear regression analysis","volume-title":"International encyclopedia of education","author":"Huang","year":"2010","edition":"3"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCMP-UGC.2009.32","article-title":"Environmental fate and transport of energetic materials","volume-title":"009 DoD high performance computing modernization program users group conference","author":"Hurley","year":"2009"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-015-1097-3","article-title":"Effect of soil conditions on natural attenuation of 2 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by UV photolysis in soils at an active firing range in South Korea","volume":"15","author":"Im","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.100721","article-title":"Microbial remediation approaches for explosive contaminated soil: critical assessment of available technologies, recent innovations and future prospects","volume":"18","author":"Kalsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Technology and Innovation"},{"issue":"D1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1102","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1033","article-title":"PubChem 2019 update: improved access to chemical data","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423444","DOI":"10.3389\/fsrma.2024.1423444","article-title":"War in Ukraine: an overview of environmental impacts and consequences for human health","volume":"3","author":"Leal Filho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sustainable Resource Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-28","first-page":"778","article-title":"Vibrio fischeri: classification of a marine bacterium","volume":"107","author":"Leisinger","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11020157","article-title":"Galleria mellonella as an invertebrate model for studying fungal infections","volume":"11","author":"Marena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485317001262","article-title":"Toxic effects of two essential oils and their constituents on the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor","volume":"108","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bulletin of Entomological Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278-6915(96)00049-x","article-title":"Correlation of structural class with no-observed-effect levels: a proposal for establishing a threshold of concern","volume":"34","author":"Munro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-015-9706-z","article-title":"Determination of biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity to earthworm (Eisenia fetida)","volume":"37","author":"Nam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(86)90036-8","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of ten organic chemicals to four earthworm species","volume":"83","author":"Neuhauser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-34","article-title":"Dinitrotoluene (isomers mixture) CAS No: 25321-14-6","volume-title":"High production volume chemicals program","author":"OECD","year":"2003"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10090366","article-title":"Conjugated polymer nanoparticles based on anthracene and tetraphenylethene for nitroaromatics detection in aqueous phase","volume":"10","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-36","first-page":"1441","article-title":"Laboratory bioassay methods to assess the insecticide toxicity against insect pests\u2014a review","volume":"5","author":"Paramasivam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2017.10.0580","article-title":"Letters in mean comparisons: what they do and don\u2019t mean","volume":"110","author":"Piepho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agronomy Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146021","article-title":"Dose\u2013response analysis using R","volume":"10","author":"Ritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1839","article-title":"Acute toxicity of 2 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the earthworm (Eisenia andrei)","volume":"44","author":"Robidoux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-40","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-41","article-title":"RStudio: integrated development for R","author":"RStudo Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-42","volume-title":"The principles of humane experimental technique","author":"Russell","year":"1959"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14050453","article-title":"Effects of toxic organic compounds on Tenebrio molitor and its parasite Gregarina steini","volume":"14","author":"Rybalka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1487-8","article-title":"Enhancing the interpretation of statistical P values in toxicology studies: Implementation of linear mixed models (LMMs) and standardized effect sizes (SESs)","volume":"90","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Toxicology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818095-2.00001-1","article-title":"Bioremediation: a sustainable approach for management of environmental contaminants","volume-title":"Abatement of environmental pollutants","author":"Singh","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3390\/land13101614","article-title":"Soil degradation and contamination due to armed conflict in Ukraine","volume":"13","author":"Solokha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-47","volume-title":"Ecotoxicology of explosives","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-48","author":"Pennington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Distribution and fate of energetics on DoD test and training ranges: interim report 5"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-017-0247-6","article-title":"The CompTox chemistry dashboard: a community data resource for environmental chemistry","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cheminformatics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139715","article-title":"Study on environmental pollution behavior\/fate of ammunition soil and microbial remediation of TNT and its intermediates","volume":"432","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20427\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2024.09.096","article-title":"Dispersion and explosion characteristics of multi-phase fuel with different charge structure","volume":"191","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20427.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20427.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20427.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20427.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:00:25Z","timestamp":1770278425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.20427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.20427","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"article-number":"e20427"}}