{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T08:40:07Z","timestamp":1765874407104,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fermented foods (FFs) are a valuable source of live microorganisms that can enhance human health, particularly gastrointestinal health, akin to probiotics. This study investigated the relationship between FFs consumption habits and gastrointestinal system findings in university students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional anonymous survey included 546 university students, collecting data on sociodemographic characteristics, the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), and the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). FFs consumption habits were recorded using a food frequency questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results showed that the average GSRS score was 33.66 \u00b1\u00a016.89. According to the BSFS, 15% of students experienced constipation, 72.7% had moderate stool consistency, and 12.3% had diarrhea. Notably, kefir, vinegar, and sourdough bread were never consumed by 56.8%, 44.3%, and 41.9% of students, respectively. Significant differences were found between the frequency of yogurt, kefir, vinegar, cheese, pickle consumption, and gastrointestinal symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Students with normal stool consistency had fewer dyspepsia, abdominal pain, reflux symptoms, and overall gastrointestinal symptoms than those with constipation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study concludes that FFs such as yogurt, cheese, pickles, and kefir may offer health benefits, reducing symptoms of reflux, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and general gastrointestinal issues in young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T08:35:33Z","timestamp":1765874133000},"page":"e20479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The investigation of fermented food consumption on gastrointestinal symptoms: a cross-sectional study in university students"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hande","family":"Seven Avuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oyku","family":"Aydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neslihan","family":"Kocatepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sude Melis","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irem","family":"Akdogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eser","family":"Cavus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20479\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-019-0707-4","article-title":"Popular remedies for esophageal symptoms: a critical 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