{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:11:21Z","timestamp":1779351081161,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Complex training (CT), which combines resistance and plyometric exercises within a single session, is widely used to improve strength and explosive performance. However, no study has examined its effectiveness among collegiate dancers, who require both strength and dynamic control for performance. This study aimed to compare the effects of 12 weeks of CT versus traditional resistance training (RT) on lower-limb strength and power in collegiate dancers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty-six collegiate dancers were randomly assigned to either a CT group (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a018) or an RT group (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a018). Both groups trained twice weekly for 12 weeks under supervision. Performance outcomes included squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), specific anaerobic performance (PSAP), reactive strength index (RSI), and one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat. Pre- and post-training tests were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n After the intervention, the CT group showed significantly greater improvements than the RT group in CMJ (\u0394\u00a0+\u00a019.4%,\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.86), PSAP (\u0394\u00a0+\u00a031.6%,\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.81), and RSI (\u0394\u00a0+\u00a07.2%,\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.58) (all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.01). Both groups demonstrated significant increases in SJ, IMTP, and 1RM squat performance (all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.001), with the CT group exhibiting slightly larger effect sizes (SJ:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.84; IMTP:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.72; 1RM:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.65).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n These findings suggest that CT could be an effective training method for enhancing the physical performance of collegiate dancers, potentially benefiting their technical and aesthetic dance skills. Further research should explore the applicability of these findings to male dancers and other dance styles.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:00:24Z","timestamp":1779350424000},"page":"e20486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of 12 weeks of complex training on lower limbs strength and power in collegiate dancers"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ChangZhou Vocational Institute of Industry Technology, Changzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An","family":"HyoSun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaimei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenshan University, Wenshan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junsheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ShanDong Normal University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002576","article-title":"Lower extremity horizontal work but not vertical power predicts lower extremity injury in female collegiate dancers","volume":"32","author":"Ambegaonkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002160","article-title":"Relationships between countermovement jump ground reaction forces and jump height, reactive strength index, and jump time","volume":"32","author":"Barker","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1089313X0701100202","article-title":"Effects of plyometric training versus traditional weight training on strength, power, and aesthetic jumping ability in female collegiate dancers","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Dance Medicine & Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0077","article-title":"Effect of knee and trunk angle on kinetic variables during the isometric midthigh pull: test-retest reliability","volume":"10","author":"Comfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2020-0022","article-title":"Unilateral plyometric training is superior to volume-matched bilateral training for improving strength, speed and power of lower limbs in preadolescent soccer athletes","volume":"74","author":"Drouzas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0160","article-title":"Effects of a complex strength-training program on athletic performance of junior female handball players","volume":"14","author":"Hammami","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00016","article-title":"Plyometric training favors optimizing muscle\u2014tendon behavior during depth jumping","volume":"8","author":"Hirayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878448","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.878448","article-title":"Relationship of extrinsic risk factors to lower extremity injury in collegiate ballet dancers","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001609","article-title":"Effects of different combinations of strength, power, and plyometric training on the physical performance of elite young soccer players","volume":"31","author":"Kobal","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2269720","article-title":"Effects of tendon elastic energy and electromyographic activity pattern on jumping height and pre-stretch augmentation during jumps with different pre-stretch intensity","volume":"41","author":"Kosaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434100-00003","article-title":"The dancer as a performing athlete: physiological considerations","volume":"34","author":"Koutedakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200202000-00027","article-title":"Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"34","author":"Kraemer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962546","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.962546","article-title":"Effect of 12 weeks of complex training on occupational activities, strength, and power in professional firefighters","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-15","first-page":"551","article-title":"Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests","volume":"18","author":"Markovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e3181dd8f47","article-title":"Power development through complex training for the division I collegiate athlete","volume":"32","author":"May","year":"2010","journal-title":"Strength & Conditioning Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-199902000-00011","article-title":"A comparison of strength and power characteristics between power lifters, olympic lifters, and sprinters","volume":"13","author":"McBride","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13341","article-title":"Variable, but not free-weight, resistance back squat exercise potentiates jump performance following a comprehensive task-specific warm-up","volume":"29","author":"Mina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0276681","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276681","article-title":"Associations of maximum and reactive strength indicators with force\u2014velocity profiles obtained from squat jump and countermovement jump","volume":"17","author":"Nishioka","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003900","article-title":"A novel method to categorize stretch-shortening cycle performance across maturity in youth soccer players","volume":"36","author":"Pedley","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2021.2012","article-title":"Perceptions and utilization of strength training and conditioning in collegiate contemporary and ballet dancers: a qualitative approach","volume":"36","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medical Problems of Performing Artists"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003107","article-title":"Training demands and physiological profile of cross-disciplined collegiate female dancers","volume":"35","author":"Sanders","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2023.01.004","article-title":"Reactive strength index as a key performance indicator in different athlete populations\u2014a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Southey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science & Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0862-z","article-title":"The importance of muscular strength: training considerations","volume":"48","author":"Suchomel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001100","article-title":"Comparison of methods that assess lower-body stretch-shortening cycle utilization","volume":"30","author":"Suchomel","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954116667112","article-title":"Is nine weeks of complex training effective for improving lower body strength, explosive muscle function, sprint and jumping performance?","volume":"11","author":"Talpey","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627869","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.627869","article-title":"Effects of complex training on sprint, jump, and change of direction ability of soccer players: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Thapa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.20486\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002324","article-title":"Validity of an isometric midthigh pull dynamometer in male youth athletes","volume":"32","author":"Till","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20486.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20486.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20486.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20486.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:00:26Z","timestamp":1779350426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/20486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.20486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.20486","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"article-number":"e20486"}}