{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:44:39Z","timestamp":1790109879482,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University","award":["W0096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W0096"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0178"]}]},{"name":"Science and Health Joint Project of Dazu District Science and Technology Bureau","award":["DZKJ2023JSYJ-KWXM1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZKJ2023JSYJ-KWXM1009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most frequently diagnosed cancer. Early diagnosis and precise risk assessment for lymph node metastasis (LNM) of T1 CRC, characterized by tumor confined to the mucosa and submucosa, essential for enhancing patient outcomes and informing therapeutic strategies. This project aims to use machine learning in refining clinical decision-making processes for T1 CRC patients, thereby laying the groundwork for more personalized and efficacious treatment protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we analyzed data from 210 patients with T1 CRC who underwent surgical resection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2017 to 2023. The datasets encompassed clinical, endoscopic, and pathological parameters, which were examined to identify potential predictors of LNM. A range of machine learning algorithms, including boosted trees, decision trees, logistic regression, multilayer perceptron (MLP), na\u00efve Bayes, k-nearest neighbors (K-NN), random forest and support vector machine (SVM), were leveraged to construct a predictive model for LNM in T1 CRC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research demonstrated that the random forest algorithm outperformed other models in predictive performance for the risk of LNM. Furthermore, the model identified seven key risk factors associated with LNM. We found four novel LNM predictive indicators for T1 CRC: tumor submucosal invasion area, percentage of tumors with invasive carcinoma, poorly differentiated tumor cell clusters, and serrated lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a risk predictive model for LNM in T1 CRC patients by utilizing eight machine learning algorithms. Four novel predictive indicators were identified, improving the accuracy of LNM prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T08:05:31Z","timestamp":1770797131000},"page":"e20500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prediction of lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer based on machine learning"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Suyujie","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology Laboratory of Pathology Diagnostic Center, Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing, 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